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SP MCAT Psych/Soc > Identity > Flashcards

Identity Flashcards

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1
Q

Self Schema

A

a self-given label that carries with it a set of qualities

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2
Q

Identity

A

individual components of our self-concept related to the groups to which we belong

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3
Q

What are the different types of identity? (3)

A
  • gender
  • ethnic
  • national
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4
Q

Gender Identity

A
  • describes a persons appraisal of his/herself on scales of masculinity and femininity
  • includes: androgyny, undifferentiated
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5
Q

What age is gender identity typically established?

A

age 3

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6
Q

Androgyny

A

state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine

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7
Q

Undifferentiated

A

individuals who are simultaneously not very masculine or feminine

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8
Q

Gender Schema

A

theory that says key components of gender identity are transmitted through cultural and societal norms

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9
Q

Ethnic Identity

A

refers to ones ethnic group in which members typically share a common ancestry, cultural heritage, and language

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10
Q

National Identity

A
  • based on political borders

- result of shared history, media, cuisine, and national symbols

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11
Q

Hierarchy of Salience

A
  • how our identities are organized
  • typically let the situation dictate which identity holds the most importance at any given moment
  • the more salient the identity the more we conform to the role expectations of the identities
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12
Q

What is salience determined by?

A

it is determined by how much interest we have in the identity, the rewards/gratifications associated with the identity, and the amount of self-esteem associated with the identity

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13
Q

Self Discrepancy Theory

A
  • states that each one of us has 3 selves:
    (1) actual self: made-up by our self concept, the way we see ourselves
    (2) ideal self: the person we would like to be
    (3) ought self: our representation of the way others think we should be
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14
Q

The closer the 3 selves in the self discrepancy theory are to each other the higher the _______

A

self esteem

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15
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

our belief in our ability to succeed

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16
Q

Learned Helplessness

A
  • a behavior that occurs when a subject endures repeatedly painful/aversive stimuli which is is unable to escape/avoid
  • subject often fails to learn or accept escape/avoidance in new situations where such behavior is likely to be effective
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17
Q

Locus of Control

A
  • closely related to self concept

- refers to the way we characterize the influences in our lives

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18
Q

External Locus of Control

A

view that events in subjects’ life are caused by luck or outside influences

19
Q

Internal Locus of Control

A

view that subject controls their fate

20
Q

Freud’s Psychosocial Theory of Development

A
  • believed that libidinal energy and the drive to reduce libidinal tension were the underlying dynamic forces that accounted for human psychological processes
  • consists of 5 stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
21
Q

Oral Stage

A
  • Age: 0-1 year
  • libidinal energy focused on the mouth
  • fixation leads to excessive dependency
22
Q

Anal Stage

A
  • Age: 1-3 years
  • libidinal energy focused on anus
  • gratification gained through elimination and retention of waste materials
  • fixation leads to excessive orderliness or mesiness
23
Q

Phallic Stage

A
  • Age: 3-5 years
  • centers on resolution of oedipal conflict (males) or electra conflict (females)
  • male envies fathers intimate relationship with mom so identifies with father to resolve conflict
  • child sublimates libidinal energy so focuses on school etc
  • females have penis envy
24
Q

Latency Stage

A
  • Age: 5 years-puberty

- libido is largely sublimated in this stage

25
Q

Genital Stage

A
  • Age: puberty-adulthood
  • if prior development has proceeded correctly then individual is heterosexual
  • if sexual traumas not resolved then individual is homosexual or asexual or has a fetish
26
Q

Fixation

A

occurs when a child is overindulged or overly frustrated during a stage of development

27
Q

Neurosis

A
  • functional mental disorder persisting into adulthood that results from anxiety caused by fixation
  • child forms a personality pattern based on the stage fixation occured
28
Q

Erickson’s Psychosocial Development

A
  • says that it is possible to fail at resolving the conflict central to each stage but it doesn’t mean mastery of each stage is required to move to the next
  • successful resolution of a conflict is marked by answering an essential existential question
  • 8 stages: trust v mistrust, autonomy v shame/doubt, initiative v guilt, industry v inferiority, identity v role confusion, intimacy v isolation, generativity v stagnation, integrity v despair
29
Q

Trust vs. Mistrust

A
  • Age: 0-1 year

- Existential question: can I trust the world?

30
Q

Autonomy vs. Shame/Guilt

A
  • Age: 1-3 years

- Existential question: is it ok to be me? (can I restrain myself/control my fate, or doubt and external loc)

31
Q

Initiative vs. Guilt

A
  • Age: 3-6 years

- Existential question: is it ok for me to do, move and act?

32
Q

Industry vs. Inferiority

A
  • Age: 6-12 years

- Existential question: can I make it in the world of people and things?

33
Q

Identity vs. Role Confusion

A
  • Age: 12-20 years

- Existential question: who am I? what can I be?

34
Q

Intimacy vs. Isolation

A
  • Age: 20-40 years

- Existential question: can I love?

35
Q

Generativity vs. Stagnation

A
  • Age: 40-65 years

- Existential question: can I make my life count? (if stagnation here then person is bored and self centered)

36
Q

Integrity vs. Despair

A
  • Age: 65-death

- Existential question: is it ok to have been me?

37
Q

Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning

A
  • focus on the development of moral thinking

- organized moral reasoning into 6 distinct stages: preconventional, conventional, postconventional

38
Q

Preconventional Morality

A
  • Age: Preadolescence
  • Stages:
    (1) Obedience: avoiding punishment
    (2) Self-Interest: gaining rewards
39
Q

Conventional Morality

A
  • Age: Adolescence to Adulthood
  • Stages:
    (3) Conformity: seek approval of others
    (4) Law and Order: maintain social order to highest regard
40
Q

Postconventional Morality

A
  • Age: Adulthood (if at all)
  • Stages:
    (5) Social Contract: focus on greater good
    (6) Universal Human Ethics: considers abstract principles
41
Q

Vygotsky’s Cultural and Biosocial Development

A
  • focus on understanding cognitive development
  • driving force of cognitive development is child’s internalization of various aspects of culture — rules, symbols, language, etc
  • includes zone of proximal development
42
Q

Zone of Proximal Development

A
  • those skills and abilities that have not fully developed but are in the process of development
  • typically requires help of a more knowledgeable other to develop these skills
43
Q

Theory of Mind

A
  • ability to sense how another’s mind works

- allows us to recognize and react to how others think about us

SP MCAT Psych/Soc (29 decks)

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