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SP MCAT Psych/Soc > Sleep & Consciousness > Flashcards

Sleep & Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

Consciousness

A
  • ones level of awareness of the world and ones own existence within the world
  • states of consciousness: alertness, sleep, dreaming, altered states (ex. sickness, delirium, coma, dementia)
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2
Q

Alertness

A
  • awake and able to think
  • cortisol levels higher
  • maintained by neurological circuits in PFC which have fibers that communicate with the reticular formation (structure in brainstem) to keep cortex awake
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3
Q

EEG

A

records an average of the electrical patterns within different portions of the brain

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4
Q

What are the different stages of sleep?

A
  1. awake
  2. stage 1
  3. stage 2
  4. stage 3
  5. stage 4
  6. REM
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5
Q

What are the features and EEG waves of the awake stage?

A
  • features: able to perceive, processes, and access information and express information verbally
  • waves: Beta and Alpha
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6
Q

What are the features and EEG waves of Stage 1?

A
  • features: light sleep and dozing

- waves: theta

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7
Q

What are the features and EEG waves of Stage 2?

A
  • features: sleep spindles and k complexes

- waves: theta

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8
Q

What are the features and EEG waves of Stage 3?

A
  • features: slow-wave sleep, dreams, declarative memory consolidation, sleep disorders occur at this stage
  • waves: delta
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9
Q

What are the features and EEG waves of Stage 4?

A
  • features: slow wave sleep, dreams, declarative memory consolidation, sleep disorders occur at this stage
  • waves: delta
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10
Q

What are the features and EEG waves of REM?

A
  • features: appears awake physiologically, dreams, procedural memory consolidation, body is paralyzed
  • waves: mostly beta
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11
Q

Beta Waves

A
  • high frequency
  • occur when alert or attending to a mental task that requires concentration
  • occur when neurons are randomly firing
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12
Q

Alpha Waves

A
  • slower than beta but more synchronized

- occur when awake but relaxing with eyes closed

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13
Q

Theta Waves

A
  • irregular waveforms waveforms with slower frequencies and higher voltages
  • occurs once you have dozed off
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14
Q

Delta Waves

A
  • low-frequency, high-voltage sleep waves

- slow waves because there are only a few waves per second

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15
Q

Slow Waves

A
  • correlates with stages 3 and 4 of sleep cycle
  • occurs as you fall more deeply asleep
  • associated with cognitive recovery, declarative memory consolidation and increased growth hormone release
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16
Q

What are sleep stages 1-4 all part of?

A

non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM)

17
Q

Sleep Cycle

A
  • refers to a single complete progression through the sleep stages
  • early in the night SWS predominates whereas later in the night REM sleep predominates
  • 50 minutes in children and 90 minutes in adults
18
Q

Activation-Synthesis Dream Theory

A
  • dreams are caused by widespread, random activation of neural circuitry
  • activation can mimic incoming sensory information and may contain pieces of stored memory, desires, and needs
  • brainstem = activation
  • cortex = synthesis
19
Q

Problem-Solving Dream Theory

A
  • dreams are a way to solve problems while sleeping

- dreams are untethered by rules of world and allow interpretation of obstacles differently than when awake

20
Q

Cognitive Process Dream Theory

A

dreams are merely the sleeping counterpart of stream-of-consciousness

21
Q

Neurocognitive Models of Dreaming

A

seek to unify biological and psychological perspectives on dreaming by correlating the subjective, cognitive experience of dreaming with measurable physiological changes

22
Q

Freud’s Dream Theory

A
  • separated dreams into their manifest content (what one actually sees and hears) and their latent content (underlying significance of these dream elements)
  • dreams represent unconscious feelings/thoughts
23
Q

What two hormones maintain circadian rhythm?

A

melatonin and cortisol

24
Q

What are the two categories that sleep disorders are divided into?

A
  • dyssomnias

- parasomnias

25
Q

Dyssomnias

A
  • disorders that make it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep
  • includes: insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea
26
Q

Parasomnias

A
  • abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep

- includes: night terrors, sleepwalking

27
Q

Insomnia

A
  • difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep

- most common sleep disorder

28
Q

Narcolepsy

A
  • condition characterized by lack of voluntary control over the onset of sleep
  • symptoms include: cataplexy (loss of muscle control and sudden intrusion of REM sleep during waking hours), sleep paralysis (unable to move despite being awake), hypnagogic/hypnopompic hallucinations (hallucinations when going to sleep or waking)
29
Q

Sleep Apnea

A
  • inability to breathe during sleep

- two different types: obstructive, central

30
Q

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

A

occurs when a physical blockage in the pharynx or trachea prevents airflow

31
Q

Central Sleep Apnea

A

occurs when brain fails to send signals to the diaphragm to breathe

32
Q

Night Terrors

A
  • most common in children

- periods of intense anxiety that occur during slow wave sleep

33
Q

Sleep Walking (Somnambulism)

A
  • usually occurs during slow wave sleep

- may eat, talk, or even drive while sleeping with no recollection of event

34
Q

Hypnosis

A
  • state in which a person appears in control of normal functions but is in a highly suggestible state
  • alpha waves occur which means person is awake but in relaxed state
35
Q

Meditation

A
  • training one to self regulate their attention and awareness
  • represents stage 1 sleep with theta and slow alpha waves
  • goal: increased attention control (increased activity in PFC, R. hippocampus, and R. anterior insula)
36
Q

Sleep Stages & Waves Mnemonic

A

BATTS Drink Blood

  • Awake (eyes open): Beta
  • Awake (eyes closed): Alpha
  • NREM1: Theta
  • NREM2: Theta, Sleep spindles, k complexes
  • NREM3: Delta
  • REM: Beta

SP MCAT Psych/Soc (29 decks)

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