Social Thinking (10)

Question 1

Interpersonal attraction

Answer 1

It is what makes people like each other
It is influenced by at least 5 factors:
-physical attractiveness
-similarity
- self-disclosure: sharing one’s fear, thoughts and goals with another person and being met with nonjudgmental empathy,
-reciprocity: people like each others better when they believe the other person likes them.
-promixity

Question 2

Amygdala

Answer 2

part of the brain responsible for associating stimuli and their corresponding rewards and punishments.

Reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex has been linked to increased agressive behavior.

Question 3

Cognitive neoassociation model

Answer 3

states that we are more likely to respond to others aggresively whenever we are feeling negative emotions . such as sick, tired, frustrated and pain.

Question 4

Four types of Attachment:
Secure Attachment
Avoidant Attachment
Ambivalent Attachment
Disorganized Attachment

Answer 4

Secure: Upset at departure of caregiver, trusts caregiver, who is viewed as secure base.

Avoidant: shows no preference for a stranger or caregiver; shows little distress at departure and little relief by return of caregiver.

Ambivalent: distressed by departure of caregiver with mixed reactions at return. Sometimes responding appropriately, sometimes neglectfully.

Disorganized: No clear pattern of behavior; sometimes exhibits repetitive behaviors or seems dazed, frozen, or confused.

Question 5

Social support:

• Emotional support
• Esteem support
• Material support
• Information support
• Network support

Answer 5

Emotional support: listening to, affirming, and empathizing with someone’s feeling

Esteem support: affirms the qualities and skills of the person.

Material support: providing physical or monetary resources to aid a person.

Information support: providing useful info to a person

Network: providing sense of belonging to a person.

Question 6

Forging

Answer 6

Forging - seeking out and eating food, is driven by biological, psychological and social influences.

Lateral Hypothalamus: promotes hunger, damaging it will cause loss of interest in food.

Ventral Hypothalamus: responds to cues that we are full and promotes satiety. Damaging will lead to obesity.

Question 7

Monogamy

Answer 7

refers to exclusive mating relationship

Question 8

Polygamy

Answer 8

Polygyny - male having exclusive relationships with multiple females

Polyandry - female having exclusive relationships with multiple males.

Question 9

Promiscuity

Answer 9

member of one sex mating with any member of the opposite sex, without exclusivity.

Question 10

Mate bias

Answer 10

refers to how choosy members of the species are while choosing mate.

Direct benefits - providing material advantages, protection, or emotional supports.

Indirect benefits - promoting better survival in offspring.

Question 11

Phenotypic benefits

Answer 11

observable traits that make a potential mate more attractive to opposite sex. Traits indicate increased production and survival of offspring.

Question 12

Sensory bias

Answer 12

development of trait to match a preexisting preference that exists in the population.

Question 13

Fischerian or runaway selection

Answer 13

Particular trait that has no effect or a negative effect on survival becomes more and more exaggerated over time.

Trait is deemed sexually desirable and thus is more likely to be passed on.

(Peacock feather)

Question 14

Indicator traits

Answer 14

traits that signify overall good health and well-being of an organism, increasing its attractiveness to mates.

Question 15

Genetic compatibilty

Answer 15

provides the mechanism for the reduced frequency of recessive genetic disorders in the population: reduces the prob of offspring being homozygotic for disease-caryying allele.

Question 16

Altruism

Answer 16

form of helping behavior in which the person’s intent is to benefit someone else at some of him- or herself.

Question 17

empathy-altruism hypothesis

Answer 17

one individual helps another person when he or she feels empathy for other person, regardless of the cost.

Question 18

evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)

Answer 18

ESS is adopted by a given population in a specific enviornment, natural selection will prevent alternative strategies from arising.

Question 19

Inclusive fitness

Answer 19

measure of an organism’s success in the population. This is based on the number of offspring, succes in supporting offspring, and the ability of the offspring to then support others.

Question 20

Social perception

Answer 20

provides the tools to make judgements and impressions regarding other people.
Three components:
-perciever : influenced by experience, motives, and emotional state

• target: refers to the person about which the perception is made
• situation: given social context can determine what info is available to the perceiver.

Question 21

Primacy effect

Answer 21

idea that first impression are often important than subsequent impressions.

Question 22

Recency effect

Answer 22

weighing the most recent information of person as the most important.

Question 23

Halo effect

Answer 23

occurs when one applies general feeling about a person usually as “good” person or “bad” person to specific characteristics of that person.

Question 24

Just-world hypothesis

Answer 24

belief that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people (karma).

Question 25

Self-serving bias

Answer 25

tendency to attribute our successes to internal factors and our failures to external factors. good things that happen are based on our good traits and behaviors. bad things are based on situational factors beyond our control is used to protect our self-esteem.

Question 26

Self-enhancement

Answer 26

focuses on the need to maintain self-worth and can be done through internal attribution of successes and external attribution of failures.

Question 27

Attribution theory

Answer 27

focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people’s behavior

Divided into two types:

• Dispostional (internal) causes
• Situational (external) causes

Question 28

Dispostional (internal)

Answer 28

attributions are those that relate to the person whose behavior is being considered, including his or her belief, attitudes, and personality characteristics.

Question 29

Situational (external)

Answer 29

attributions are those that relate to features of the surroundings, such as threat, money, social norms, and peer pressure.

Question 30

Constistency cues

Consensus cues

Distinctiveness cues

Answer 30

Consistency cues: has consistent behavior over time
Consensus cues: matches others’ behavior
Distinctiveness cues: uses similar behavior in similar situations

Question 31

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 31

general bias toward making dispositonal attributions rather than situational attributions about the behavior of others, especially in negative context.

( Team member is unable to complete assignment and assumes he is lazy, unreliable or stupid).

Question 32

Attribute substituation

Answer 32

occurs when individuals must make judgements that are complex, but instead they substitute simpler solution or apply a heuristic.

Question 33

Sterotypes (cogntive )

Answer 33

occurs when attitudes and impressions are based on limited and superficial info about a person, or a group of individuals and are cognitive.

Question 34

Sterotype content model:

• Paternalistic ( housewives, elderly people, disabled people)
• Contemptuous ( welfare recipients, poor people)
• Envious (Asians, Jews, rich people, feminists)
• Admiration (in group, close allies)

Answer 34

Warmth and competence
Warmth: groups that are not in direct competition with in-group for resources
Compentence: groups that have high status within society.

Paternalistic (high Warmth high compentence) : groups is looked down upon as inferior, dismmised, ignored

Contemptuous ( low W low C) : groups is viewed with resentment, annoyance or anger

Envious ( low W high high C): groups is viewed with jealousy, bitterness or distrust.

Admiration (high W low C) : group is viewed with pride and other positive feelings.

Question 35

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 35

expectations can create conditions that lead to confirmation of those expections.

(Expectations added to you, so you need prove it to show them yourselves)

Question 36

Sterotype threat

Answer 36

concept of people being concerend or anxious about confirming a negative sterotype about one’s social group.

Question 37

Prejudice (affective)

Answer 37

irrational negative, or occasionally positive, attitude toward a person, group or thing.

Three factors:

• Power
• Prestige
• Class

Question 38

Ethnocentrism

Answer 38

refers to the practice of making judgements about other cultures based on values and beliefs of one’s own culture, especially when it comes to language, customs and religion.

In group: social group with which person expeiences a sense of belonging or identifies

Out group: social group with which an individual does not identify

Question 39

Cultural relativism

Answer 39

perception of another culture as different from one’s own but with the recognition that the culture value, mores, and rule of a culture fit into the culture itself.

Question 40

Individual discrimination

Answer 40

refers to one person discriminating against a particular person or group

Question 41

Institutional discrimination

Answer 41

refers to the discrimination against a particular person or group by an entire institution.