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Behavorial Science > Cognition, Consciousness, and Language (4) > Flashcards

Cognition, Consciousness, and Language (4) Flashcards

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1
Q

Dual-coding theory

A

states that both verbal association and visual images are used to process and store information

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2
Q

Cognitive Theory

A

development of one’s ability to think and solve problem across the life span.

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3
Q

Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

A

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

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4
Q

Schema

A

a cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information in the world around us

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5
Q

Assimilation

A

process of classifying new information into existing schema

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6
Q

Accommodation

A

a process by which existing schema is modified to add new information.

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7
Q

Sensorimotor stage (Piaget)

A

( birth to age 2) manipulating the environment to meet the physical needs through circular reactions. Primary circular reaction (repetition of body movement). Secondary circular reaction ( focused on something outside the body such as throwing a toy from the high chair). Object Permanence ends this stage.

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8
Q

Object Permanence

A

understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view. (“Peek a boo” as a example )

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9
Q

Preoperational stage ( Piaget)

A

(age 2 to 7) focouses on symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and centration. (unable to tell that quantities are equal )

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10
Q

Concrete operational stage (Piaget)

A

(age 7 to 11) Able to engage in logical thought as long as they are working with concrete objects or info that is directly available.

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11
Q

Formal operational stage (Piaget)

A

(starts around age 11) focuses on abstract thought and problem solving

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12
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

consists of problem solving intelligence

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13
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

related to used of learned skills and knowledge

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14
Q

Delirium

A

abrupt change in the brain that causes mental confusion and emotional disruption and caused by medical (nonpsychological) causes.

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15
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

inability to consider how to use an object in a nontradional manner

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16
Q

Algorithm

A

formula or procedure for solving a certain problem

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17
Q

Deductive (top-down) reasoning

A

starts from a general rules and draws conclusions from the information given to you.

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18
Q

Inductive (bottom-up) reasoning

A

seeks to create theory via generalizations.

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19
Q

Heuristics : availabilty heuristic

representativeness heuristic

A

enabling a person to discover or learn something for themselves.
Availabilty : when we try to decide how likely something is.
Representativeness: invovles categorizing item on basis of whether they fit in prototypical, sterotypical, or representative image of the category.

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20
Q

Intuition

A

ability to act on perceptions that may not be supported by available evidence. ( They “feels” to be correct on something because on experience )

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21
Q

Gardner’s multiple intelligence

A

linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, visual-spatial, bodily- kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal.

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22
Q

Belief perseverance

A

inability to reject a particular belief despite clear evidence to the contrary.

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23
Q

Consicousness

A

one’s level of awareness of both the world and own existence within the world.

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24
Q

Alertness

A

state of consiousness in which we are awake and able to think. Able to percieve, process, access, and verbalize information.
Cortisol levels are high

Fibers from prefrontal cortex communicate with reticular formation to keep cortex awake and alert.

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25
Q

Melatonin

A

Sleepiness can partially attributed to blood levels of melatonin. It is secreted from pineal gland. Necessary for maintaining circadian rhythms

26
Q

Cortisol

A

steriod hormone produced in the adrenal cortex. Cortisol contributes to wakefulness.Necessary for maintaining circadian rhythms

27
Q

activation-synthesis theory

A

dreams are caused by widespread, random activation of neural circuitry. It may consists pieces of stored memories, current and previous desires, and other experiences.

28
Q

Problem-solving theory

A

dreams are way to solve problems while you are sleeping.

29
Q

Cognitive process of dream theory

A

dreams are merely the sleeping counterpart of streams-of-consciousness.

30
Q

Dyssomnias

A

disorders that make it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep.
Insomnia - difficult to fall asleep
Narcolepsy - lack of voluntary control over onset of sleep
Sleep anea - inability to breathe during sleep.

31
Q

Parasomnias

A

abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep
Night terror - intense anxiety occur during slow-wave sleep.
Sleep walking- also occurs during SWS

32
Q

Hypnagogic

Hypnopompic

A

Hypnagogic - hallucinations when going to sleep
Hypnapompic- hallucinations when awake

(hypnaGOgic is one GOing to sleep. hypnoPOmpic when one is POPping up out of the bed.)

33
Q

Depressants

A

reduce nervous system activity, resulting in a sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety.

34
Q

Drugs that increase GABA activity in the brain.

A

Alcohol
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepenes

35
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

caused by deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) and characterized by severe memory impairment with changes in mental status and loss of motor skills.

Brain disorder occured from alcoholism.

36
Q

Drugs that increase dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin activity

A

Amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy (MDMA)

37
Q

Opiates

A

Naturally occuring drugs, cocaine and morphine

38
Q

Opioids

A

Semisynthetic drugs, oxycodone,hydrocodone, heroin.

39
Q

Hallucinogens

A

lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), causing hallucinations.

40
Q

Marijuana

A

THC inhibits GABA activity and indirectly increases dopamine activity (causing pleasure).

41
Q

Mesolimbic reward pathway

A 
Contains three main structures:
nucleus accumbens(NAc)
ventral tegmental area (VTA)
medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
The neurotransmitter of this pathway is dopamine.
42
Q

Selective Attention

A

focusing on one part of the sensorium while ignoring other stimuli. More of a filter that allows on one thing while allowing other stimuli to be processed in the background (only if background stimuli is important, hearing your name).

43
Q

Divided Attention

A

ability to perform multiple tasks at the same time. Divided attention uses automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at one time.

44
Q

Controlled (effortful processing)

A

maintaining undivided attention on a task, and is usually used for new or complex actions.

45
Q 
Five components of language: 
Phonology
Morphology
Semantics
Syntax
Pragmatics
A

Phonology: refers to the actual sound of the language
Morphology: refers to the structure of words. Building blocks of words.
Semantics: refers to the association of meaning with words.
Syntax: refers to how words are put together to form sentences
Pragmatics: refers to the changes in language delievery depnding on context.

46
Q 
Timeline of language acquisition: 
9 to 12 months
12 to 18 months
18 to 20 months
2 to 3 years
5 years
A

9 to 12 months: Babbling
12 to 18 months: Increase of about one word per month
18 to 20 months: “explosion of words” and combining words. Gesture, inflection, and context are essential for parents.
2 to 3 years: Longer sentences of three or more words
5 years: Language rules largely mastered

47
Q

Language acquisiton device (LAD)

A

theoretical pathway in the brain that allows infants to process and absorb language rules. Nativists (biological) theory explains language acquisition as being innate and controlled by LAD. Nativist believe in critical period for language acquistion between 2 years to puberty.

48
Q

Learning (behaviorist) theory

A

proposed by B.F Skinner and explained language acquistion by operant conditioning. Skinner explained language acquisition by reinforcement.

49
Q

Social interactionist theory

A

language acquisition is driven by child’s desire to communicate and behave in social manners.

50
Q

Whorfian hypothesis or Lingusitic relativity hypothesis

A

The way we think about the world is determined by the content of language.

51
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

difficulty producing language, great difficulty coming up with words.

52
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

nonsensical sounds and words devoid of meaning, language comprehension is lost.

53
Q

arcuate fasciculus

A

bundle of axons that allows appropriate association between language comprehension and speech production

54
Q

conduction aphasia

A

difficulty repeating speech, with intact speech production and comprehension.

55
Q

Base rate fallacy

A

using prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring actual numerical information.

56
Q

Confirmation bias

A

the tendency to focus on information that fits an individual’s beliefs while rejecting information that goes against them.

57
Q

Beta waves

A

person is alert or attending to do a mental task that requires concentration (high freq waves)

58
Q

Alpha waves

A

when we are awake but relaxing our eyes closed

waves are synchronized

59
Q

Theta waves

A

starts STAGE 1 of sleep and as you fall more deeply asleep you enter STAGE 2
(irregular waveforms with slower freq)

60
Q

Delta waves

A

STAGE 3 and 4 of sleep also known as slow-wave sleep (SWS)

slow freq, higher voltage

61
Q

non-rapid eye movement (NREM)

A

Stage 1-4 of the sleep

62
Q

rapid eye movement (REM)

A

stage where dreaming is mostly occurred.

Behavorial Science (12 decks)

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