Biology and Behavior (1)

Question 1

Franz Gall

Answer 1

associated with the development of a trait with the growth of its relevant part of the brain.

Question 2

Pierre Flourens

Answer 2

He did extirpation/ablation on rabbits and pigeons to study the functions of major sections of the brain. Concluded that different regions have specific functions.

Question 3

William James

Answer 3

Father of American psychology, pushed for the importance of studying adaptations of the individuals to his or her environment.

Question 4

John Dewey

Answer 4

believed that psychology should focus on the study of the organisms as a whole as it functioned to adapt to the environment.

Question 5

Paul Broca

Answer 5

First-person to demonstrate that specific impairment could be linked with a specific brain lesion. Such as speech production from Broca’s area.

Question 6

Hermann von Helmholtz

Answer 6

first to measure the speed of a nerve impulse

Question 7

Sir charles Sherrington

Answer 7

first inferred the existence of synapse. He thought that synaptic transmission was an electric process, but we now know that it is primarily a chemical process.

Question 8

Three layers of meninges

Answer 8

(farthest to brain)
Dua meter
Arachnoid meter 
Pia meter 
(closest to brain)

Question 9

Three subdivision of brain

Answer 9

Forebrain: associated with complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes.

Midbrain: receives sensory and motor information from the rest of the body. Associated with involuntary reflex responses triggered by visual and auditory stimuli.

Hindbrain: controls balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, and general arousal processes such as sleeping and waking.

Question 10

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Answer 10

used to record electrical activity generated by neurons.

Question 11

regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)

Answer 11

detects blood patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of the brain.

Question 12

CT (computed tomography)

Answer 12

multiple x-ray taken at different angles and processed by a computer to cross-sectional slice images to tissue.

Question 13

PET (position emission tomography) scan

Answer 13

radioactive sugar is injected and absorbed into the body, and through that tissue is imaged.

Question 14

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer 14

uses a magnetic field to interact with hydrogen and map out regions of the body.

Question 15

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

Answer 15

uses the same techniques like MRI, but measures blood flow. Useful for monitoring neural activity.

Question 16

Hypothalamus

Answer 16

Serves as homeostatic functions and is the key player in emotional experiences during high arousal states, aggressive behavior and sexual behavior.

Mnemonic: Function of four F's
F: feeding
F: fighting
F: flighting
F: Functional (sexual)

Question 17

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

Answer 17

“satiety center” and provides a signal to stop eating.

Mnemoic: when the Ventro Medial Hypothalamus is destroyed. one is VERY MUCH HUNGRY.

Question 18

Lateral Hypothalamus

Answer 18

Hunger center, special receptor thought to detect when the body needs more food and fluid.

Mnemoic: When the Lateral Hypothalamus is destroyed. one LACKS HUNGER.

Question 19

Thalamus

Answer 19

Relay system for incoming sensory information, except for the smell.

Question 20

Limbic System:

• Septic nuclei
• Amygdala
• Hippocampus

Answer 20

Septic nuclei: primary pleasure center for brain.
Amygdala: plays an important role in defensive and aggressive behavior.

Hippocampus: plays a vital role in memory and learning. Helps consolidate information to form long-term memory and can redistribute memories to the cerebral cortex.

Question 21

Anterograde amnesia

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 21

Anterograde amnesia: not able to establish long-term memory.

Retrograde amnesia: memory loss of events that happened before the brain injury.

Question 22

Basal Ganglia

Answer 22

coordinates muscle movement makes our body movement smooth.

Question 23

Gyri and Sulci

Answer 23

Gyri = bumps
Sucli = folds

Question 24

Primary Motor Cortex

Somatosensory Cortex

Answer 24

Primary motor cortex: located on precentral gyrus
initiates motor movements

Somatosensory gyrus: located on postcentral gyrus
incoming sensory signals for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.

Question 25

Broca’s area

Wernicke’s area

Answer 25

Broca’s : (frontal) speech production

Wernicke’s : (temporal) language reception and comprehension

Question 26

Dominant Hemisphere

Nondominant Hemisphere

Answer 26

Dominant: (usually left hemisphere) well suited for managing details. Language, logic, math skills, Broca’s, and Wernicke.

Non-Dominant: associates with intuition, creativity, music cognition, and spatial processing.

Question 27

Acetylcholine

Answer 27

used by the somatic nervous system to move muscles

used by the parasympathetic system and central nervous system for alertness.

Question 28

Dopamine

Answer 28

maintains smooth movements and steady posture

Question 29

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Answer 29

(catecholamines)
Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) are involved in controlling alertness and wakefulness. They promote flight or flight response.

Low level of norepinephrine –> associated with depression

High level of norepinephrine –> associated with anxiety.

Question 30

Serotonin

Answer 30

plays a role in regulating mood, eating, sleeping, and dreaming. Also plays role in depression.

High level of serotonin –> manic state

Low level of serotonin –> depression

Question 31

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

Answer 31

produces inhibitory potentials, causing hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic neuron.

Question 32

Glycine

Answer 32

serves inhibitory potentials in CNS by increasing Calcium influx in neuron, causing hyperpolarization

Question 33

Gultamate

Answer 33

acts in CNS, serves excitatory potentials on postsynaptic neuron.

Question 34

Endorphins

Answer 34

natural painkiller produced in the brain

Question 35

Neurulation
Neural Crest
Neural Tube

Answer 35

Neurulation –> ectoderm layer begins to furrow and form a neural groove, surrounded by neural folds.

Neural crest –> migrates throughout the body to form disparate tissue.

Neural tube –> form CNS, it has an alar plate which forms sensory neurons, and basal plate which forms motor neurons.

Question 36

Primitive reflexes:

• rooting reflex
• moro reflex
• babinski reflex
• grasping reflex

Answer 36

exists in infants and should disappear with age. They can reappear in certain nervous system disorders.

Question 37

Rooting reflex

Answer 37

infants turn their head towards anything that brushes the cheek

Question 38

Moro reflex

Answer 38

infants extend the arms then slowly retracts and cry in response to a sense of falling.

Question 39

Babinski reflex

Answer 39

the big toe is extended and other toes fan in response to the brushing of the sole of the feet.

Question 40

Grasping reflex

Answer 40

infants grab anything put into his or her hand.