Motivation,Emotion,Stress (Chapter 5)

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

purpose of driving force behind our actions

Question 2

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 2

include rewards for showing a desired behavior or avoiding punishment if the desired behavior is not achieved. (studying for months on end to achieve a high score on the MCAT)

Question 3

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 3

the motivation that comes from within oneself. This can be driven by an interest in a task or pure enjoyment. (a student who takes an interest in the subject matter at hand and has a goal of mastering the content is driven by intrinsic motivation)

Question 4

Instinct Theory

Answer 4

people are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionary programmed instincts. Fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli

Question 5

Arousal

Answer 5

psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli

Question 6

Arousal theory

Answer 6

People perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal.

Question 7

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 7

postulates a bell-shaped curve function between the level of arousal and performance.

Performance is worst at extreme high and low levels of arousal, and optimal at intermediate level.

Lower levels are optimal for highly cognitive tasks, while higher levels are optimal for activites that require physical endurance and stamina.

Question 8

Drives

• Primary drives
• Secondary drives

Answer 8

internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals.

• Primary drives: include the need for food, water, and warmth, motivates us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis.
• Secondary:These drives are thought to stem from learning. Also include emotions, such as the desire of nurturing, love, achievement, and agression.

Question 9

Needs

Answer 9

motivators that influence human behavior

Question 10

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

Highest to Lowest order

Answer 10

prioritizes needs in five categories:
(highest priority) Physiological needs, safety and security, love and belongings, self-esteem, and self actualization (lowest priority).

Question 11

Four primary factors that influence motivation

Answer 11

instincts, arousal, drives, and needs.

Question 12

self-determination theory (SDT)

Answer 12

emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

Autonomy: the need to be in control of one’s action and ideas.
Competence: the need of complete and excel at difficult tasks
Relatedness: the need to feel accepted and wanted in relationship.

Question 13

Incentive Theory

Answer 13

explains that behavior is motivated not be need or arousal, but by the desire to pursue rewards and to avoid punishment.

Question 14

Expectany-value theory

Answer 14

states that the amount of motivation for a task is based on the individual’s expectation of success and the amount that success is valued

Question 15

Opponent-process theory

Answer 15

explains motivation for drug use: as drug use increases, the body counteracts its effects, leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms.

Question 16

Sexual motivation

Answer 16

motivated to sexual behavior based on the secretion of estrogens,progesterone, and androgens, as well as cultural and social factors.

Question 17

Three Elements of Emotions:

• Physiological response
• Behavioral response
• Cognitive response

Answer 17

• Physiological Respone : changes in heart rate, breathing rate, skin, temperature, and blood pressure.
• Behavioral Response: facial expressions and body language
• Cognitive Response: subjective interpretation of the feeling being experienced. Largely based on memories of past experiences and perception of the cause of the emotion.

Question 18

7 Universal Emotions

Answer 18

Happiness
Sadness
Fear
Anger
Contempt
Disgust
Surprise

Question 19

James-Lange Theory

Answer 19

According to theory, a stimulus results first in physiological arousal, which leads to secondary response, in which emotion is labelled.
Response to Stimulus
First Response: Nervous System Arousal
Second Response: Conscious emotion

(I must be angry b/c my skin is hot and BP is high)

Question 20

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 20

States that cognitive and physiological components of emotion occurs simultaneously and results in the behavior component of emotion or action.
Response to Stimulus
First Response: Nervous System Arousal and Conscious emotion
Second Response: Action

(I am afraid b/c I see a snake and my heart is racing)

Question 21

Schachter-Singer Theory

Answer 21

To feel an emotion, one must analyze the enviornment in relation to nervous system arousal.
Response to Stimulus
First Response: Nervous system arousal and Cognitive appraisal
Second Response: Conscious Emotion

( I am excited b/c my heart is racing and everyone else is happy)

Question 22

Limbic System:

• Amygdala
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
• Hippocampus
• Fornix , Septal nuclei, and parts of Cerebral cortex

Answer 22

Amygdala: This region is associated with fear and plays role in human emotion through interpretation of facial expression. (Also part of intrinsic memory system for emotional memory)
Hypothalamus: Synthesizes and release a variety of neurotransmitters. It serves many homeostatic functions, and is involved in modulating emotion.
Hippocampus: within temporal lobe, is primarly involved in creating long-term memories. The storage and retrieval of emotional memories is key in producing an emotional response.

Question 23

Conscious [Explicit] memory

Answer 23

Located in the medial temporal lobe
The memory of experiencing the actual emotion: (remembering that you were happy at your high school graduation or that you were sad when you lost loved ones)

Explicit memory is the “story” of the event

Question 24

Unconscious [Implicit] memory

Answer 24

Emotional memory; this is the storage of the actual feelings of emotion associated with an event. Corresponds to the sensation of unease and anxiety when put back into a similar enviornment.

Expression of emotional responses

Amygdala

Question 25

• Prefrontal Cortex
• Dorsal Prefrontal Cortex
• Ventral Prefrontal Cortex
• Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 25

• Prefrontal Cortex: planning, expressing personality, and making decisions
• Dorsal Prefrontal : attention and cognition
• Ventral Prefontal: responsible for experiencing emotion
• Ventromedial Prefontal: thought to play substantial role in decision making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala.

Question 26

Cognitive Apprasial

Answer 26

subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress.

Two stages : Primary Apprasial (Stage 1) and Secondary Apprasial

Question 27

Primary Apprasial

Answer 27

initial examination, which results in the identification of the stress as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful. If identified as a threat, secondary apprasial begins.

Question 28

Secondary Apprasial

Answer 28

evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress. Involves the evaluation of three things

• Harm or damage caused by event
• Threat or potential for future damage caused by the event
• Challenge or the potential to overcome and possible benefit from the event.

Question 29

Stressor

What are the 5 common stressors

Answer 29

biological element, external condition, or event that leads to a stress response
Common Stressor includes:
-Enviornmental factors
-Daily Events
-Workplace or academic settings
-Social expectations
-Chemical and biological stressors : diet, alcohol, drugs, viruses, allergies, medications, medical conditions

Question 30

Distress

Answer 30

occurs when experiencing unpleasent stressors

Question 31

Eustress

Answer 31

result of positive conditions, can include life events

graduating from college, achieving high on MCAT, getting married, or buying a house

Question 32

Social readjustment scale

Answer 32

system that measures stress level in “life change units”

Question 33

General adaptation syndrome

Answer 33

Three stages for physiological response to stressors

• Alarm stage
• Resistance stage
• Exhaustion stage

Question 34

Alarm Stage

Answer 34

initial reaction to a stressor and activation of sympathetic nervous system.
Release of adrenocorticotropic horomones (ACTH) and cortisol, stimulation of adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Question 35

Resistance Stage

Answer 35

Continuous release of hormones activates sympathetic nervous system to remain engaged to fight the stressor

Question 36

Exhaustion Stage

Answer 36

Can no longer maintain elevated sympathetic nervous system activity, more susceptible to illness and medical conditions, organ system deteriorate, death.

Question 37

Stress management techniques

Answer 37

• Exercise
• Relaxation technique (meditation, muscle relaxation)
• Spirtual practice

Question 38

Psychological Stress

Answer 38

include pressure, control, predictability, frustration, and conflict.

Question 39

Left Frontal lobe

Answer 39

Assoicated with positive feelings, corresponding with joy and happiness

Question 40

Right Frontal lobe

Answer 40

Assoicated with negative feelings, sadness and disgust

Question 41

Approach-Approach

Avoidance-Avoidance

Approach-Avoidance

Answer 41

Approach- Approach : refers to the need to choose between two desirable options.

Avoidance-Avoidance: choices between two negative options

Approach-Avoidance: deals with one only one choice, goal or event, but the outcome could have negative elements.