Identity and Personality (chapter 6) Flashcards
Self-Concept
the sum of all of the phrases that come to mind when we think of who we are, who we used to be, and who we may become in the future.
Identity
describes a set of behaviors and labels we take on when in a specific group
Gender Identity
describes a person’s appraisal of him or herself on the scale of masculinity and femininity.
Androgyny
state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine.
gender schema
hold that key component of gender identity are transmitted through cultural and societal means
Ethnic identity
refers to one’s ethnic group, in which members typically share a common ancestry, cultural heritage, and language.
National identity
determined by birth, political borders of where one lives, and the cultural identity of that nation.
Hierarchy of salience
we let the situation dictate which identity holds the most important for us at any given moment`
Self-discrepancy theory
maintains that each of us has three selves
actual self: the way we see ourselves as we currently are
ideal self: person we would like to be
ought self: our representive of the way others think we should be
Self-efficacy
belief in our ability to succeed. When self-efficacy is too high it can lead to overconfidence.
Locus of control
- Internal locus
- External locus
the way we characterize the influences in our lives
Internal locus: view themselves as controlling their own fate ( I failed b/c i didnt study hard)
External locus: feel that the events in their lives are caused by luck or outside influences. ( I failed b/c of my bad luck or b/c the test was difficult)
Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual Development
He believed that libidinal energy creates internal tension, which we aim to reduce through certain behaviors. [ libido = sex drive or sexual desire ]
Freud’s five stages of psychosexual development
Fixation - occurs when a child is overindulged or overly frustrated during a stage of development.
- oral stage
- anal stage
- phallic or oedipal stage
- latency stage
- genital stage
Oral stage (Frued)
(0 to 1 year) gratification is obtained primarily by putting objects into the mouth, biting, and sucking. Libidinal energy is centered on the mouth.
Fixation can lead to excessive dependency
Anal stage (Frued)
(1 to 3 years) Toilet training occurs during this time.Libidio is centered on the the anus.
Fixation can lead to excessive orderliness or messiness
Phallic or oedipal stage (Frued)
(3 to 5 years) centers on resolution of the oedipal conflict for male children or the analogous electra conflict for female children.
Latency stage (Frued)
(last until puberty is reached) Libidio is largely sublimated during this stage.
Genital stage (Frued)
(begins at puberty) if pervious stages have been successfully resolved, the person will enter into normal heterosexual relationship
If sexual traumas of childhood have not been resolved, such behaviors as homosexuality, asexuality, fetishism may result.
Erikson: Psychosocial development
stages of personality development are based on series of crises that derive from conflicts between needs and social demands.
Trust vs mistrust (0 to 1 year)
Trust: child will come to trust his enviornment and himself.
Mistrust: will often be suspicious of the world
Autonomy vs Shame and doubtful (1 to 3 years)
Autonomy: feeling able to exert control over the world and to exercise choice as well as self-restraint
Shame and doubtful: sense of doubt and a persistent exernal locus of control
Initiative vs. guilt (3 to 6 years)
Intiative: sense of purpose, the ability to initate activites, and ability to enjoy accomplishment.
Guilt: overcome by the fear of punishment that the child may either unduly restrict himself or may overcompensate by showing off
Industry vs. Inferiority (6 to 12 years)
Industry: child will feel competent, be able to exercise his or her abilities and intelligence in the world and be able to affect the world.
Inferiority: sense of inadequacy, a sense of inability to act in a competent manner and low self-esteem.
Identity vs. role confusion (12 to 20)
This stage termed as physiological revolution
Identity: ability to see oneself as a unique and integrated person with sustained loyalities.
Role confusion: confusion about one’s identity and an amorphous personality that shifts from day to day
intimacy vs. isolation (20 to 40)
Intimacy: outcomes of love, ability to have intimate relationship with others.
Isolation: avoidance of commitment,alienation and distancing of oneself from others and one’s ideals.
Generativity vs Stagnation (40 to 65)
Generativity: individual capable of being a productive, caring, and contributing member of society.
Stagnation: one acquires a sense of stagnation and may become self-indulgent, bored, and self-centered with little care of others
Integrity vs. Despair (above 65)
Integrity: wisom, detached concern with life itself, with assurance in the meaning of life, diginity, acceptance that one’s life has been worthwhile, readiness to face death.
Despair: feeling of bitterness about one’s life, a feeling that life has been worthless, fear over one’s own impending death.
Kohlberg: Moral reasoning
Kohlberg’s theory of personality development focuses on development of moral thinking.
Theory contains Three phases and six stages
Phase 1 : Preconventional morality
Phase 2 : Conventional morality
Phase 3 : Postconventional morality
Preconventional morality
preadolescent thinking and places an emphasis on the consequences of the moral choices.
Obedience (stage 1) : concered with avoiding punishment ( If i steal the drug, I’ll go to jail)
Self-interest (stage 2) : often called instrumental relativist stage, it is based on the concepts of reciprocity and sharing. (I’ll scratch your back, you scratch mine)
Conventional morality
Adolscence to adulthood. Begin to see themselves in terms of their relationships to others. Understanding and accepting social rules
Conformity (Stage 3) : emphasis on the “good boy or nice girl” in which person seeks the approval of others. (I should not steal the drug b/c stealing is wrong)
Law and order (stage 4) : maintains the social order in the highest regard. (if everyone stole things, people who produce those items would not be able to continue their business)
Postconventional morality
Adulthood. describes a level of reasoning
Social contract (stage 5): views moral rules as conventions that are designed to ensure the greater good, with reasoning focused on individual rights. ( Everyone has right to live; businesses have a right to profit from their product).
Universal human ethics (Stage 6): reasons that decisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles. ( It is wrong for one person to hold another’s life for ransom).
Psychoanalytic
personality is the result of unconscious urges and desires
Humanistic
personality comes from conscious feeling about oneself resulting from healthy striving for self-realization
Type
personalities are set of distinct qualities and dispositons into which people can be grouped
Trait
personalities are assembled from having different degrees of certain qualities and dispositions.
Id , ego , superego
Id: unconscious basic urges and desires
Superego: sense of perfectonism and idealism
Ego: mediates the anxieties caused by id and superego by using defense mechanisms.
Repression
unconsciously removing an idea or feeling from consciousness
Man who survived 6 months in concentration camp cannot recall anything about his life during that period of time
Supression
consciously removing an idea or feeling from consciousness.
ill cancer patient puts aside his anexity to enjoy a family gathering
Regression
Returning to an earlier stage of development
A husband speaks to his wife in “ baby talks” when telling her bad news
Reaction formation
unaccepted impulse is transformed into its opposition
two coworkers fight all the timne b/c they are actually very attracted to each other
Projection
Attribution of wishes desires, thoughts, or emotions to someone else
(A man who has commited adultry is convinced his wife is cheating on him, despite a lack of evidence)
Rationalization
Justification of attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors
A murderer who claims that, while killing is wrong, his victim “deserved it”
Displacement
changing the target of an emotion, while the feeling remain the same
(When sent to his room as a punishment, a child begins to punch and kick his pillow)
Sublimation
channeling of an unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable direction
( A boss who is attracted to his employee becomes her mentor and advisor)
Carl Jung
identified the ego as the conscious mind and he divided into two parts
- personal unconscious: similar to Frued’s notion of unconscious
- collective unconscious: links all humans together. Its building blocks are image of common experience, such as having mother and father.
Jung believed personality as being influenced by archetype
Jungian archetype:
- Persona
- Anima
- Animus
- Shadow
- Persona: the aspect of our personality we present to the world
- Anima: feminine behavior in man. man’s inner woman
- Animus: man behavior in female. woman’s inner man
- Shadow: unpleasent and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions in our consciousness
Jung described three dichotomies of personality:
- Extraversion (E, orientation of outside world) vs. introversion (I orientation of inner, personal world)
- Sensing (S, obtaining objective information about the world) vs. intuiting (N, working with information abstractly)
- Thinking (T, using logic and reason) vs. feeling (F, using value system or personal belief)
Myers-Briggs Type Inventory (MBTI)
classical personality test. Each of Jung’s three dichotomies and fourth - Judging (J, perferring orderliness) vs. percieving (P, perferring spontaneity) is labelled as a specific personality test.
Adler’s inferiority complex
and individual’s sense of incompleteness, imperfection, and inferiority both physically and socially.
According to Adler, striving for supeiority drives the personality.
Adler’s theory of creative self and style of life
creative self- individual shapes his uniqueness and establishes his personality
style of life- describes a person’s unique way of achieving superiority. family enviornment is crucial in molding the person’s style of life
fictional finalism
individual is motivated more by his expectation of the future than by past experience.
Basic anexity
Basic hostility
Basic anexity- inadequate parenting can cause vulnearability and helplessness.
Basic hostility- neglect and rejection cause anger
To overcome basic anexity and hostility, child must use these three strategies:
- moving toward people to obtain the goodwill of people who provides security
- moving against people, or fighting them to obtain the upper hand
- moving away or withdrawing from people.
Reciprocal determinism
idea that our thoughts, feelings, behaviors and enviornment all interact with each other to determine our actions in a given situation.
Vygotsky’s Zone of proximal development
skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of development. Gaining these skills requires the help of a more knowledgeable other like a teacher.
Carl Rodgers (Humanistic)
believed that people have freedom to control their own behavior and are neither slaves to unconscious nor subjects of faulty learning.
Type theorists
attempt to create taxonomy personality types
Trait theorists
Prefer to describe individual personality as the sum of a person’s characteristic behaviors.
Type A
personalities are characterized by behavior that tend to competitive and compulsive.
Type B
generally laid back and relaxed
Allport
listed 3 Basic types of traits
- Cardinal Trait
- Central Trait
- Secondary Trait
Cardinal trait –> (Not all have this trait) Person organizes his or her life. Self- sacrifice
Central trait –> personality that are easy to infer. Honesty and charisma
Secondary trait –> more personal characteristics and are limited in occurance.
Eyesenck
described three traits in PEN model
- Phsychotism
- Extraversion
- Neurotism
Physchotism –> non-conformity or social deviance
Extraversion –> measure of tolerance for social interaction and stimulation
Neurotism –> measure of emotional arousal in stressful situations.
Big 5 traits of Personality
OCEAN
O: openness C: conscientiousness E: extraversion A: agreeableness N: neuroticism
David McClelland
identified a personality trait that is referred to as a need for achievement (N-Ach)
Higher N-Ach = concerened with achievement and pride in their accomplishment.
