Psychological Disorders (7) Flashcards
Schizophrenia
prototypical disorder with psychosis as a feature. It contains positive and negative symptoms.
Positive symptoms
behaviors, thoughts, or feelings added to normal behavior.
Delusion, hallucinations disorganized thought or catatonic behaviors
Delusion
false beliefs discordant with reality and not shared by others in the individual’s culture that is maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary.
Delusion of reference
involve the belief that common elements in the environment are directed toward the individual.
Example: The person believes that characters in a TV show are talking to him directly.
Delusion of persecution
involve the belief that the person is being deliberately interfered with discriminated against, plotted against, or threatened.
Delusion of grandeur
common in bipolar disorder I
belief that the person is remarkable in significant way such as being an inventor, historical figure, or religious icon.
Thought broadcasting
Thought insertion
Thought broadcasting: belief that one’s thought are broadcast directly from one’s head to the external world.
Thought insertion: belief that thoughts are being placed in one’s head
Disorganized thoughts
exhibited as speech in which ideas shifts from one subject to another in such way that a listener would be unable to follow the train of thought.
a person with schizophrenia may invent a new word which is called neologisms.
Disorganized behavior
Inability to carry out activites of daily livings.
echolalia ( repeating another’s word)
echopraxia ( repeating another’s action)
Catatonia
refers to certain motor behaviors characteristic of some people with schizophrenia. Patient’s spontaneous movement and activity may greatly reduced or the patient may maintain rigid posture.
Negative Symptoms
loss of something from behavior, cognition, or affect and include disturbance of affect and avolition.
Disturbance of affect (Neg symptoms)
refers to the experience and display of emotion. Affective symptoms may include blunting, in which there is severe reduction in the intensity of affect expression; flat effect (emotional flattening), in which there are virtually no signs of emotional expression; or inappropriate affect, in which the affect is clearly discordant with the content of the individual’s speech.
Example: patient with inappropriate affect may begin to laugh hysterically while describing a parent’s death.
Avolition (Neg symptoms)
decresed engagement in purposeful, goal-directed action.
Prodromal phase
prodromal phase is exemplified by clear evidence of deterioration, social, withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect, and unusual experiences.
If schizophrenia development is slow, the prognosis is especially poor. If the onset of symptoms is intense and sudden the prognosis is better.
Major depressive disorder
contains at least one major depressive episode.
Major depressive episode
Symptoms menemonic: SIG E. CAPS
period of at least 2 weeks with at least five of the following symptoms:
S: sleep (sleep disturbance)
I: interest (loss of interest)
G: guilt (worthlessness or excessive guilt)
E: energy (less energy)
C: concentration (loss of it)
A: appetite (appetite disturbance)
P: psychomotor symptoms ("slowed down")
S: suicidal thoughtsPersistent depressive disorder
individual who suffer from dysthymia, depressed mood that isn’t severe enough to meet the criteria of major depressive episode.
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
major depressive disorder with seasonal onset, with depression occuring during winter months.
Bipolar disorder
- Bipolar I
- Bipolar II
Bipolar disorder: major type of mood disorder characterized by both depression and mania.
Bipolar I : has manic episodes with or without depressive episodes
Bipolar II: has hypomania with at least one major depressive episode.
hypomania: does not significantly impair functioning, nor are therre psychotic features, although the individual may be more energetic and optimistic.
Manic episodes
Symptoms menemonic: DIG FAST
characterized by abnormal and persistently elevated mood lasting at least one week Symptoms: D: distractable I: insomnia (decreased sleep) G: grandiosity (belief that one is all powerfull, famous) F: flight of ideas (racing thoughts) A: agitation S: speech (increased talkativeness) T: thoughtlessness (risky behavior)
Cyclothymic disorder
combination of hypomanic episodes and periods of dysthymia.
monoamine or catecholamine theory of depression
theory holds that too much norepinephrine and serotonin in the synpase leads to mania, while too little leads to depression.
Anxiety disorders
- Generalized anxiety disorder
- Phobias
- social anxiety disorder
- agoraphobia
- panic disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder
common in the population and is defined as a disporportionate and persistent worry about many different things for at least 6 months.
example: worrying about bills, doing good job at work, returning emails, political issues…etc.
Social anxiety disorder
anxiety that is due to social situation. Individuals have persistent fear when exposed to social or performance situation that result into embarrasment.
Agoraphobia
fear of being in places or in situation where it might be hard for an individual to escape.
Uncomfortable leaving their home for fear of a panic attack or mental illness.
Panic disorder
disorder consists of repeated panic attacks.
symptoms include fear and apprehension, trembling, sweating, hyperventiliation and sense of unreality.
Obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD)
characterized by obessions ( persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses) which produces tension, and compulsions ( repetitive tasks) that relieve tension but cause significant impairment in a person’s life.
Example: person might be obsess about dirt and compulsively wash his hands to neutralize the anxiety produced by the obession.
Body dismorphic disorder
person has unrelastic negative evaluation of his or her personal appearance and attaractiveness, usually toward a certain body part.
Example: person sees his nose ugly or horrific when it is actually normal.
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
occurs after experincing or witnessing a traumatic event such as a war, home invasion, rape, or natural disaster, and consists of intrusion symptoms, avoidance symptoms, negative cognitive symptoms and arousal symptoms.
Intrusion symptoms: recurrent reliving of the event, flashbacks, nightmares, and prolonged distress.
Avoidance symptoms: attemps to avoid the memories, people, places, activites.
Negative cogntive symptoms: inability to recall key features of of the event, negative mood or emotions, feeling distance from others.
Arousal symptoms: increased startle response. irritability, anxiety.
Dissociative disorders
person avoids stress by escaping from their identity.
Some individuals with this disorder may also experience dissociative fugue: a sudden, unexpected move or purposeless wandering away from one’s home or location of usual daily activities.
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
occurance of two or more personalities that take control of a person’s behavior.
Depersonalization/Derealization disorder
individuals feel detached from their own mind and body - depersonalization
or from their surroundings - derealization
Somatic sympyom disorder
involves at least one somactic symptoms which may or may not be linked with medical condition.
Illness anexity disorder
preoccupation with thoughts about having or coming down with a serious medical condition. Individuals are quick to become alarmed about their health and always check themselves for signs of illness
Conversion disorder
involves unexplained symptoms affecting motor or sensory function and is associated with prior trauma.
Example: patalysis or blindness w/o any evidence of neurological damage.
ego-syntoic
ego-dystonic
ego-syntoic : individual percieves their behavior as correct, normal with their goals. ( Personality disorders)
ego-dystonic: individual sees the illness as something thrust upon her that is intrusive and bothersome (other disorders that are mentioned)
Personality disorder (PD):
Cluster A
Cluster B
Cluster C
Personality disorder: patterns of inflexible, maladaptive behavior that cause distress or impaired functioning in at least 2 of the following: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioining or impulse control.
Cluster A: (odd,ecentric)
Cluster B: (dramatic, emotional and erratic)
Cluster C: (anxious and fearful)
Cluster A (odd, ecentric)
includes paranoid , schizotypal and schizoid PDs
paranoid Pd: marked by pervasive distrust of others and suspicion regarding their motives. Patients may actually be in the prodormal phase of schizophrenia.
schizotypal PD: patterns of odd or eccentric thinking. Patients may have ideas of reference, similar to delusions of reference but not extreme.
schizoid PD: detachment from social relationship and limited emotion.
Cluster B (dramatic, emotional, erratic)
includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic and narcisstic PDs
Antisocial PD : disregard for and violations of rights for other. repeated illegal acts, deceitfulness or lack of remorse for said actions
Borderline PD : instability in relationships, mood and self image. Individual will use splitting as defense mechanism in which they view others as either all good or all bad.
Histronic PD: characterized by constant attention seeking behavior.
Narcissistic PD: involves a grandoise sense of self-importance and need for admiration
Cluster C (Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive Compulsive PD)
includes Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive Compulsive PDs
Avoidant PD : involves extreme shyness and fear of rejection
Dependant PD: involves continuous need for reassurance.
Obsessive-compulsive PD : involves perfectionism, inflexibilty and preocupation with rules. OCPD is life long and is ego-synotic. whereas OCD is ego-dystonic.
OCD : ( I can’t stop washing my hands b/c of germs!)
OCPD: ( I just like rules and order!)
Schizophrenia Biological basis of Nervous system
highly associated with an excess amount of dopamine in the brain. Medication used for schizophrenia such as neuroleptic, blocks dopamine receptor.
What markers are associated with depression
High level of glucocorticoids and low level of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine are associated with depression.
Alzhemier’s disease
type of dementia characterized by gradual memory loss, disoriention of time and place, problems with abstract thought and a tendency to misplace things.
Alzheimer’s disease is associated with genetic factors, brain atrophy. decreasein acetylcholine, senline plaques of B-amyloid ( misfolded protein in B-pleated sheet form), and neurofibillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein.
Parkinson’s Disease
characterized by
- bradykinesia (slowness in movement)
- resting tremor ( a termor that appears when muscle , are not being used)
- pill-rolling tremor (flexing and extending fingers while moving thumb back and forth,, as if rolling something in the fingers)
- maslike facies ( facial expression consisting of static and expressionless facial features, staring eyes, and a partially open mouth)
- cogwheel rigidity (muscle tension that intermittently halts movement as an examiner attempts to manipulate a limb)
- shiffling gait with stooped posture
decreased production of dopamine by cells in substania nigra.
substania nigra: layers of cells in the brain that functions to produce dopamine to permit proper functioning of basal ganglia.
Biomedical approach
psychological disorders takes into accountonly the physical and medical causes of psychological disorder. Treatment in this apprach are of a biomedical nature
Biopychosocial approach
considers the relative contributions of biological, psychological, and social components to an individual’s disorder. Treatment also falls into these three areas.
Diagonstic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
ysed to diagnose psychological disorders. Its current version is DSM-5. categorized mental disorders based on symptom patterns.
Treatment for Parkinson’s Disease
L-DOPA a precursor that is converted to dopamine once in the brain, replacing that which is lost due to Parkinson’s disease
Dopamine level in Schizophrenia and Parkinson
High in Schizophrenia
Low in Parkinson
Dissociative fugue
a sudden, unexpected move or purposeless wandering away from one’s home or location of usual daily activities.
Dissociative Amnesia
Unable to recall past experience
