Learning and Memory (chapter 3)

Question 1

Habituation

Answer 1

Repeated exposure to the same stimulus can decrease in response. ( Getting used to something)

Question 2

Dishabituation

Answer 2

Late in the habituation of a stimulus, a second stimulus is presented.

Question 3

Associative Learning

Answer 3

way of pairing together stimuli and response, or behaviors and consequence

Question 4

Classical Condition: unconditioned stimulus

Answer 4

any stimulus that brings a reflexive response. (Dogfood)

Question 5

Classical Condition: unconditioned response

Answer 5

the innate or reflexive response to the stimulus ( Dog salvation)

Question 6

Classical Condition: neutral stimulus

Answer 6

a stimulus that does not produce a reflexive response (Bell)

Question 7

Classical Condition: conditioned stimulus

Answer 7

A neutral stimulus that can now cause a reflexive response. ( Bell making Dog salivate)

Question 8

Classical Condition: conditioned response

Answer 8

A reflexive response to the conditioned stimulus ( Salvation through bell)

Question 9

Operant Behavior

Answer 9

Associated with B.F skinner who is considered as the father of behaviorism

Question 10

Reinforcement: Positive

Negative

Answer 10

Likelihood that individual will perform a behavior.
Positive: adding positive consequence to the following behavior. ( Paying money to workers, so they keep on working)
Negative: increasing the frequency of behavior by removing something unpleasent. ( Taking asprin so headaches go away)

Question 11

Negative Reinforcement: Escape

Avoidance

Answer 11

Escape: reduce the unpleasentness of something that already exists. (Taking asprin everytime you have headache)
Avoidance: prevent the unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen. ( Studying for the exam, so you dont score bad)

Question 12

Punishment: Positive

Negative

Answer 12

Positive: add an unpleasent consequence to reduce the behavior. ( Speeding ticket, so next time driver doesn’t drive fast)
Negative: Taking away something to reduce the behavior. ( Taking away liscence so the driver learns the lesson)

Question 13

Fixed Ratio (FR) schedule

Answer 13

reinforce a behavior after a specific number of performance of behavior. ( rewarding a rat every third time it presses bar in the cage) “ It’s fixed “

Question 14

Variable Ratio (VR) schedule

Answer 14

reinforce a behavior after a varying number of performances of the behavior. ( rewarding a rat randomly) “ Variable ratio is the fastest and resistanceto extinction”

Question 15

Fixed Interval (FI) schedules

Answer 15

reinforce the first instance of a behavior after a specified time period has elapsed. ( Rewarding rat every 60 seconds, and then wait for next 60 seconds)

Question 16

Variable Interval (VI) schedules

Answer 16

reinforce a behavior the first time that behavior is performed after a varying interval of time. ( Rewarding rat on random amounts of time).

Question 17

mirror neurons

Answer 17

located in frontal and parietal and fire both when an individual performs an action and when that individual observes someone else performing that action.

Question 18

Encoding

Answer 18

process of putting new information into memory

Question 19

Sensory Memory

Answer 19

consists of iconic ( visual ) and echoic (auditory) memory. It lasts only a very short time, but within that time we can recall with amazing precision but doesn’t last long/

Question 20

Short-term memory

Answer 20

information stays around 30 seconds and then fades away. You can remember around 7 items or so in short term memory ( 7 plus minus 2). Short term memory is housed in hippocampus.

Question 21

Working memory

Answer 21

requires short-term memory, attention, and executive function to manipulate information. ( Allows us to do simple math in our heads)

Question 22

Long term memory:
Implicit
Explicit

Answer 22

requires elaborative rehearsal and is the result of increased neuronal connectivity.
Implicit: stores skills and conditioning effects
Explicit: Divided into episodic and semantic memory.
Episodic: events and experiences
Semantic: facts and concepts we know

Question 23

Semantic Network

Answer 23

brain organizes ideas into semantic network in which concepts

Question 24

Retrieval

Answer 24

retrival of information is often based on priming interconnected nodes of semantic network. recall is aided by first being presented with a word or phrase that is close to desired semantic memory.

Question 25

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 25

degenerative brain disorder thought to be linked to a loss of Ach in neurons that linked to hippocampus. It is marked by progressive dementia and memory loss.

Question 26

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

Answer 26

form of memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency in the brain. It is marked by retrograde and anterograde amnesia.

Question 27

Confabulation

Answer 27

process of creating vivid but fabricated memories, attempt made by the brain to fill in the gaps of missing memories.

Question 28

Proactive interference

Retroactive interference

Answer 28

Proactive: old information is interfering with new learning
Retroactive: new information causes forgetting of old information

Question 29

Prospective Memory

Answer 29

remembering to perform a task at some point in the future.

Question 30

Source-monitoring error

Answer 30

involves confusion between semantic and episodic memory: a person remembers the detail of an event, but confuses the context under which those details were gained.

Question 31

Neuroplasticity

Answer 31

ability of the brain to form new connections rapidly.

Question 32

Synaptic pruning

Answer 32

removing weak neural connections

Question 33

Long-term potentiation

Answer 33

strengthining of memory connection through increased neurotransmitter relase and receptor density.