Social Structure and Demographics (11)

Question 1

Functionalism

Answer 1

study of the structure and function of each part of society.

Each part of society serves as a function; when these functions work together correctly, society can function normally.

Question 2

Manifest function

Latent function

Answer 2

Manifest: action is intended to help some part of a system.

Latent: unexpected, unintended, or unrecognized positive consequences of manifest functions.

Question 3

Conflict Theory (Karl Marx)

Answer 3

Power differentials are created when groups compete for economic, social, and political resources.

Question 4

Symbolic interactionism

Answer 4

Humans communicate through words, gestures, and other symbols to which we attach meaning.

Question 5

Social constructionism

Answer 5

Individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality.

Question 6

Rational choice theory

Answer 6

Individuals will make decisions that maximize potential benefits and minimize potential harm.

Question 7

Patterns of kinship

Answer 7

terms for different family members are not conserved across time and culture.

(Hawaiian culture refer to all family member as cousins)

Question 8

Mandated reporter

Answer 8

Doctors are legally required to report suspected cases of elder or child abuses.

Question 9

Teacher expectancy

Answer 9

refers to the idea that teachers tend to get what they expect from students.

Question 10

Religiosity

Answer 10

how religious one considers him or herself to be

Question 11

Denomiations or sects

Answer 11

Large religion divided that share certain beliefs and practices but not others.

(Church is a large, universal religious group that can be divided into multiple coexisting denomiations.)

Question 12

Democracy
Monarchies
Dictatorship
Theocracy

Answer 12

Democracy- allows every citizen a political voice, usually through electing representatives to office

Monarchies- include a royal ruler (King or Queen)

Dictatorship- system where a single person holds power, and usually includes mechanisms to quell threats to this power.

Theocracy- system where power is held by religious leaders.

Question 13

Capitalist

Answer 13

economies focus on free market trade and laissez-faire policies, where success and failure in business is primarily driven by consumerism with as littler intervation from central governing bodies as possible.

Question 14

Socialist

Answer 14

treats large industries as collective, shared businesses, and compensation is provided based on work contribution of each individual into the system.

Question 15

Four Tenets of American medical ethics.

Answer 15

Beneficence- Act in patient’s best interest

Respect for autonomy - Respect patients’ decisions and choices about their own healthcare

Nonmaleficence- Do not harm, avoid interventions where the potential for harm outweighs the potential for benefit

Justice- Treat similar patients with similar case; distribute healthcare resources fairly.

Question 16

Material culture

Answer 16

focuses on the artifacts associated with a group; the physical objects such as artwork, emblems, clothing, jewelry, foods, buildings.

Question 17

Social culture (nonmaterial culture)

Answer 17

focuses on the ideas and principles that belong to a particular group.

Question 18

Culture lag

Answer 18

refers to the idea that material culture changes more quickly than symbolic culture.

Question 19

Value vs. Belief

Answer 19

Value- what a person deems important in life

Belief- something a person considers to be true.

Question 20

Ageism

Answer 20

prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a person’s age

Question 21

Race vs. Ethinicity

Answer 21

Race- penotypic differences between groups of people

Ethnicity- based on common language, nationality, religion and other factors.

Question 22

Symbolic ethnicity

Answer 22

recognition of an ethnic identity on special occasions, not everyday

Question 23

Immigration vs. Emigration

Answer 23

Immigration - movement into a geographic area

Emigration- movement away from a geographic area

Question 24

Kinsey scale

Answer 24

Alfred Kinsey made a scale and ranked others from 0 to 6
0 representing exlusive heterosexuality
6 representing exlusive homosexuality

Question 25

Fertiality rate

Answer 25

children per woman per lifetime

avg # of children born to a woman during her lifetime in a population.

Question 26

Birth rate

Answer 26

children per 1000 people per year

Question 27

Mortality rate

Answer 27

deaths per 1000 people per year

Question 28

Migration rate

Answer 28

immigration rate minus emigration rate (Immigration rate - Emigration rate)

Question 29

Pull factors vs Push factors

Answer 29

Pull- positive attributes to the new location that attract the immigration

Push- negative attributes of the old location that encourage the immigration to leave.

Question 30

Demographic transition

Answer 30

model used to represent drops in birth and death rates as a result of industrialization.

During demographic transition, mortality rate drops before birth rate. Therefore, the population grows at first while mortality rate is dropping, and the plateaus as the birth rate decreases as well.

Question 31

Malthusian Theory

Answer 31

focuses on how the exponetial growth of a population can outspace the growth of the food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder.

Question 32

Proactive

Answer 32

promates social change (Social movements)

Women’s right movement

Question 33

Reactive

Answer 33

resist social change (Social movements)

Anti-immigration movement

Question 34

Globalization

Answer 34

process of integrating a global economy with free trade and tapping of foreign labor markets.