Social Structure and Demographics (11) Flashcards
Functionalism
study of the structure and function of each part of society.
Each part of society serves as a function; when these functions work together correctly, society can function normally.
Manifest function
Latent function
Manifest: action is intended to help some part of a system.
Latent: unexpected, unintended, or unrecognized positive consequences of manifest functions.
Conflict Theory (Karl Marx)
Power differentials are created when groups compete for economic, social, and political resources.
Symbolic interactionism
Humans communicate through words, gestures, and other symbols to which we attach meaning.
Social constructionism
Individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality.
Rational choice theory
Individuals will make decisions that maximize potential benefits and minimize potential harm.
Patterns of kinship
terms for different family members are not conserved across time and culture.
(Hawaiian culture refer to all family member as cousins)
Mandated reporter
Doctors are legally required to report suspected cases of elder or child abuses.
Teacher expectancy
refers to the idea that teachers tend to get what they expect from students.
Religiosity
how religious one considers him or herself to be
Denomiations or sects
Large religion divided that share certain beliefs and practices but not others.
(Church is a large, universal religious group that can be divided into multiple coexisting denomiations.)
Democracy
Monarchies
Dictatorship
Theocracy
Democracy- allows every citizen a political voice, usually through electing representatives to office
Monarchies- include a royal ruler (King or Queen)
Dictatorship- system where a single person holds power, and usually includes mechanisms to quell threats to this power.
Theocracy- system where power is held by religious leaders.
Capitalist
economies focus on free market trade and laissez-faire policies, where success and failure in business is primarily driven by consumerism with as littler intervation from central governing bodies as possible.
Socialist
treats large industries as collective, shared businesses, and compensation is provided based on work contribution of each individual into the system.
Four Tenets of American medical ethics.
Beneficence- Act in patient’s best interest
Respect for autonomy - Respect patients’ decisions and choices about their own healthcare
Nonmaleficence- Do not harm, avoid interventions where the potential for harm outweighs the potential for benefit
Justice- Treat similar patients with similar case; distribute healthcare resources fairly.
Material culture
focuses on the artifacts associated with a group; the physical objects such as artwork, emblems, clothing, jewelry, foods, buildings.
Social culture (nonmaterial culture)
focuses on the ideas and principles that belong to a particular group.
Culture lag
refers to the idea that material culture changes more quickly than symbolic culture.
Value vs. Belief
Value- what a person deems important in life
Belief- something a person considers to be true.
Ageism
prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a person’s age
Race vs. Ethinicity
Race- penotypic differences between groups of people
Ethnicity- based on common language, nationality, religion and other factors.
Symbolic ethnicity
recognition of an ethnic identity on special occasions, not everyday
Immigration vs. Emigration
Immigration - movement into a geographic area
Emigration- movement away from a geographic area
Kinsey scale
Alfred Kinsey made a scale and ranked others from 0 to 6
0 representing exlusive heterosexuality
6 representing exlusive homosexuality
Fertiality rate
children per woman per lifetime
avg # of children born to a woman during her lifetime in a population.
Birth rate
children per 1000 people per year
Mortality rate
deaths per 1000 people per year
Migration rate
immigration rate minus emigration rate (Immigration rate - Emigration rate)
Pull factors vs Push factors
Pull- positive attributes to the new location that attract the immigration
Push- negative attributes of the old location that encourage the immigration to leave.
Demographic transition
model used to represent drops in birth and death rates as a result of industrialization.
During demographic transition, mortality rate drops before birth rate. Therefore, the population grows at first while mortality rate is dropping, and the plateaus as the birth rate decreases as well.
Malthusian Theory
focuses on how the exponetial growth of a population can outspace the growth of the food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder.
Proactive
promates social change (Social movements)
Women’s right movement
Reactive
resist social change (Social movements)
Anti-immigration movement
Globalization
process of integrating a global economy with free trade and tapping of foreign labor markets.
