Social Interactions Flashcards
Factors that shape the expression and detection of emotion
Culture and gender- details of emotional signaling are shaped by socialization
Looking at emotions through the lens of culture vs gender
Culture- focuses on how emotional signaling practices vary across the world
Gender- focuses on how different groups within society participate in this process in different ways
Certain emotions are associated with certain gender roles. Gender is a way that culture-specific attitudes towards emotions are organized
Masculine- anger
Feminine- vulnerability, compassion, and concern
Are a way in which certain patterns of emotional expression can be indexed to gender
Social sanctions: gender-specific expectations still exist
Refers to the literal words that we say, either by speaking with our mouths, sign language, writing, texting, or any other medium
Verbal communication
Tone of voice, eye contact, body language. Only fundamental for humans, but it also extends to the animal kingdom.
Nonverbal communication
Humans vs animals
Facial expressions are an area with some verbal between animals and humans
An be based on how we envision our authentic self and on how we think it will be advantageous to appear in a certain situation.
Self-presentation
Refers to what you disclose to others about yourself
Self disclosure
Refers to how you groom yourself, how you dress, and how you act. Specific strategies are context-specific.
Managing appearances
A fancy word for sucking up
Ingratiation
Refers to presenting your actions, especially those that might seem a bit questionable, in a light that makes them more appealing in a certain setting. This can been mean making excuses. It can refer to various ways in which we explain what we choose to do so.
Aligning actions
Flips the focus onto other people. In this technique, you project an identity onto someone and then create the expectation that he or she should act the way you want.
Altercasting
Erving Goffman developed the ___________ ___________ to self-prsenetation
Dramaturgical approach
Refers to how we present ourselves in front of an audience, following certain scripts and expectation, like the more deliberate aspects of impression management
Front-stage self - Erving Goffman
Refers to our more authentic self, when we’re no longer in front of an audience, we can relax and not worry s much about acting in a way that aligns with our public image
Back-stage self - Erving Goffman
Certain kinds of behavior as being especially characteristic of humans as coral beings. More general phenomena, or patterns of interaction that pervade many different activities
Social behavior
Both in the sense of wanting to be someone’s friend, or just to hang out with them, and romantic and sexual attraction
Attraction
Factors that contribute to attraction
Physical attractiveness, proximity, and similarity
This says that we also eventually develop preferences for familiar people and things
Mere exposure effect
We’re more likely to be attracted to people who are similar to is in terms of various demographic factors, including but not limited to age, SES, and education level, as well as general worldview and cultural background
Similarity
Important as a way to defend against threats and to obtain greater access to various resources.
Aggression
In some social animals, aggression play a role in reinforcing and maintaining hierarchies
Aggression shaped by biological factors
Testosterone,
prefrontal cortex- helps regulate and restrain impulsive behavior that stems from emotion arousal mediated by limbic system
Aggression shaped by environment
Personal experiences
Situations where aggression has worked as a way to reach goals
Traumatic experiences
*society-wide norms and expectations
Refers to the bonds that form between children and their caregivers, and it can manifest in several distinct attachment styles
Attachment
The presence of a consistent, responsive, comforting caregiver promotes
Secure attachment
An infant with this type of attachment feels some distress when the caregiver leaves, but then adjusts to circumstances, knowing that a the caregiver will returns, and displays a happy response when they do return
Secure attachment
Occurs when caregiver responses to the child inconsistently. This leads to child not being able to rely on teh caregiver
Ambivalent attachment
Manifests as a pattern of intense distress when caregiver leaves, followed by a more mixed and unclear response upon return
Ambivalent attachment
The child will seem not to really care one way or the other when the caregiver leaves or returns. Thought to stem from a neglectful relationship
Avoidant attachment
Manifests as hesitant, contradictory, and confused behavior upon the caregiver’s departure and return
Disoriented / disorganized attachment
Refers to helping other people at some cost to yourself, even if only in terms of time and energy
Altruism
Kinds of social behavior
Attraction, aggression, attachment, altruism, social support
This has been increasingly linked with positive health outcomes
Social support
Types of social support
Emotional, informational, material, and companionship
Describes how animals search for food.
Foraging
Animals have a wide range of ways of engaging in courtship, copulating, and raising offspring.
Mating behavior
This can be random as the Hardy-Weinberg model fo genotype frequency assumes, but more often, animals respond to highly specific cues, like phenotypic signals, as a way of choosing potential mates
Mate choice
Mate choice signaling:
Certain feature seem like they’re attractive just kind of because
Ex. Vibrant and Pointless tails of male peacocks- could also hint genetic fitness and good health
Fisherman selection
A branch of applied mathematics that deals with decision-making under circumstances of incomplete information where there are other actors who are also making similar choices, like in a game.
Game theory
A well-known example of game theory
Prisoner’s dilemma
The basic concept that natural selection can operate on the group level is known as
Inclusive fitness- one explanation for altruism (self-sacrifice)
