Sensory processing and Perception Flashcards
Sensory receptors communicate 4 properties to the CNS
Location, modality (type of stimulus), intensity, and duration
Exteroreceptors vs Interoreceptors
Exteroreceptors- respond to stimuli from outside world
Interoreceptors- respond to stimuli inside the body
Various stimuli from inside body
Sense pain from within the body and dehydration/ overhydration
Olfactory and gustatory receptors both respond to which stimuli
Chemical stimuli
What cells are responsible for hearing? These are found in inner ear, convert pressure signals from sound waves into action potentials. they also respond to pressure to sense rotational acceleration
Hair cells
Semicircular canals contain a fluid called? This fluid moves in response to rotational acceleration
Endolymph
Hair cells in which structure send rotational information to the nervous system
Crista ampullaris
Type of mechanoreceptors that detect light touch
Tactile corpuscles
Type of mechanoreceptors that respond to sustained pressure
Merkel nerve endings
Type of mechanoreceptors that sense deep pressure beneath the surface of the skin
Ruffini endings
Type of mechanoreceptors that respond to high-frequency vibrations
Pacinian corpuscle
Receptors that detect pain
Nociceptors- some respond to mechanical stimuli, some to thermal stimuli, and some to chemical stimuli (ex. Capsaicin - spicy food)
These Interoreceptors detect pressure inside the body, like walls of blood vessels. These are subset of mechanoreceptors
Baroreceptors
Blood pressure is linked to 2 properties
Blood volume and hydration
These detect concentration of solutes in blood
Osmoreceptors
These receptors are found in and around muscles, tendons, joints. Give us a sense of relative position of the parts of our body in space. (Kinesthetic sense)
Proprioceptors
Proximal vs Distal stimulus
Proximal: what the sensory receptor picks up on
Distal: the environmental source of the signals
The threshold that a stimulus must cross in order to consciously perceive it
Threshold of Conscious Perception
The level of intensity that a stimulus must have in order to be picked up by sensory neurons. If a stimulus does not hit the threshold, it is not registered by our bodies
Absolute threshold
T or F. The level of stimulus can be pass the threshold of conscious perception but never pass the absolute threshold
False. The opposite is true. The absolute threshold can be passed but not the threshold of conscious perception
The smallest change in magnitude of a stimulus that we can perceive as being different. Also known as the difference threshold
Just- Noticeable Difference (JND)
Tests whether research subjects can tell the difference between 2 stimuli
Psychophysical discrimination testing
For any given sensory input the JND will be a constant proportion of the original input
Weber’s Law (breaks down at extremes- too strong/ too faint)
Bear actually present and bear is perceive
Hit
Bear is actually present but bear not perceived
Miss
Bear actually absent but bear perceived
False Alarm
Bear actually absent and bear not perceived
Correct rejection
T or F. Signal detection can vary across people but is not affected by psychological states.
False. First part is correct but psychological states can affect signal detection
Sensory adaptation occurs where?
In the brain
These receptors are slow to adapt to stimuli
Tonic receptors
These receptors send a burst of action potentials, then stop. (Fast adaptation)
Phasic receptors
Ex. Hair follicles
Bottom up processing vs top-down processing
Bottom-up: individual pieces assembled to see the bigger pic
Top-down: brain decides what it is looking for, then assembled individual pieces to support that pic
We perceive objects or shapes that a re close to each other as forming groups
Principle of proximity
Objects that are similar in some way will be perceived as belonging to a group
Principle of similarity
If multiple objects intersect or overlap, we tend to perceive them as relatively few uninterrupted objects
Principle of Good Continuation
We infer the presence of complete shapes even when they’re incomplete
Principle of closure
Symmetrical objects are more likely to be perceived as whole than asymmetrical objects
Principle of symmetry
Law of Pragnanz
Objects are interpreted in the simplest and most meaningful ways
(For Gestalt Principles)
Eye structure that turns certain wavelengths of light into action potentials
Retina
Cones and rods are photoreceptors located at which structure of the eye?
Retina