Motivation And Attitude Flashcards
Are hardwired, fixed behavioral patterns that are somewhat more complex than reflexes, are perhaps the simplest level of motivation. Give an example.
Instincts
Ex. How infants cry to express distress
An urge that we have to return some parameter of our body to homeostasis
Drive
Posits that we are motivated by our drives to act in ways that resolve uncomfortable discrepancies between our current state and a state of homeostasis
Drive reduction theory
These drives are things like hunger, thirst, and the need to avoid extreme heat or cold- basic, biologically-grounded needs
Primary drives
These drives include desire for recognition or a socially prestigious career
Secondary drives
*trying to apply these to teh definition f drive becomes increasing dubious so sometimes might be referred to as NEEDS
Who arranged human needs in a pyramidal hierarchy known as pyramids of needs
Abraham Maslow
List Abraham’s pyramid of needs from the most basic to most complex
Physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization
Alertness and engagedness
Psychological arousal
People are motivated to engage in actions that optimize arousal which resonates to the ________________ law, according to which our performance at various tasks is optimized at medium levels of arousal
Yerkes-Dodson law
Posits that humans respond rationally to external incentives
Incentive theory of motivation
Rewards that correspond to basic physiological needs, like food, drink, and so on
Primary reinforcers
Rewards that are more psychologically complex concepts, like recognition or appreciation
Secondary reinforcers
Views motivation as reflecting a balance between expectancies and values. the idea is that people are maximally motivated to engage in activities id they view themselves as likely to be successful and if they view the activity as being worthwhile and that, conversely, reducing either of those factors decreases motivation.
Expectancy-value theory
Refers to the degree to which someone anticipates being able to succeed at as task
Expectancy
Refers to whether teh task in question is seen as worthwhile
Value
Rooted in the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and its major goal is to understand the factors that contribute to intrinsic motivation.
Self-determination theory
The Self-determination theory focuses on the need for these 3 things as factors that promote intrinsic motivation
Competence, autonomy, and relatedness
This theory posits that if a certain experience initially provokes an intense reaction of one form or another, as the experience continues over time, the opposite reaction tends to predominate
Opponent-process theory
Psychological orientations that we have towards a certain person, activity, or even topic in general
Attitudes
Three components of attitude (the “ABC”)
Affective, behavioral, and cognitive
T or F. Behavioral component of attitude must be shaped by both the affective and cognitive components of attitude.
True
Simulating a certain behavior can shape one’s attitudes
Role-playing exercises
Articulates an important principle of social psychology: namely, that if people define situations as real, those situations have real consequences
Thomas theorem
*illustrates that attitudes have behavioral impacts
Describes what happens when someone with a certain attitude or behavior is confronted with conflicting evidence
Cognitive dissonance
Was developed in a wya to try to explain the different ways people can be persuaded. It posits a distinction between the central route of processing and the peripheral route
Elaboration likelihood model
Involves making a rational decision based on a thorough consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of possible choices. This requires a deep cognitive engagement, and it tends to lead to more stable outcomes, both cognitively and behaviorally
Central route
More superficial and involves making decisions based on gut reactions, informed by surface-level characteristics, and often in response to cues regarding the credibility or desirability of the message, the attractiveness and charisma of the person delivering the message and so one.
Peripheral route
Refers to how people are persuaded by various techniques
Elaboration likelihood model
Central route processing requires a certain amount of _________ and _________
Motivation and capacity
Refers both to the intellectual skills needed toe engage in the reasoning of central-route processing and the attentional and time-related resources necessary to do so at a certain time
Capacity
T or F. General, deeply-rooted attitudes are most predictive of specific actions
False. General attitudes are less likely than specific attitudes to predict specific actions
