Motivation And Attitude

Question 1

Are hardwired, fixed behavioral patterns that are somewhat more complex than reflexes, are perhaps the simplest level of motivation. Give an example.

Answer 1

Instincts

Ex. How infants cry to express distress

Question 2

An urge that we have to return some parameter of our body to homeostasis

Answer 2

Drive

Question 3

Posits that we are motivated by our drives to act in ways that resolve uncomfortable discrepancies between our current state and a state of homeostasis

Answer 3

Drive reduction theory

Question 4

These drives are things like hunger, thirst, and the need to avoid extreme heat or cold- basic, biologically-grounded needs

Answer 4

Primary drives

Question 5

These drives include desire for recognition or a socially prestigious career

Answer 5

Secondary drives

*trying to apply these to teh definition f drive becomes increasing dubious so sometimes might be referred to as NEEDS

Question 6

Who arranged human needs in a pyramidal hierarchy known as pyramids of needs

Answer 6

Abraham Maslow

Question 7

List Abraham’s pyramid of needs from the most basic to most complex

Answer 7

Physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization

Question 8

Alertness and engagedness

Answer 8

Psychological arousal

Question 9

People are motivated to engage in actions that optimize arousal which resonates to the ________________ law, according to which our performance at various tasks is optimized at medium levels of arousal

Answer 9

Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 10

Posits that humans respond rationally to external incentives

Answer 10

Incentive theory of motivation

Question 11

Rewards that correspond to basic physiological needs, like food, drink, and so on

Answer 11

Primary reinforcers

Question 12

Rewards that are more psychologically complex concepts, like recognition or appreciation

Answer 12

Secondary reinforcers

Question 13

Views motivation as reflecting a balance between expectancies and values. the idea is that people are maximally motivated to engage in activities id they view themselves as likely to be successful and if they view the activity as being worthwhile and that, conversely, reducing either of those factors decreases motivation.

Answer 13

Expectancy-value theory

Question 14

Refers to the degree to which someone anticipates being able to succeed at as task

Answer 14

Expectancy

Question 15

Refers to whether teh task in question is seen as worthwhile

Answer 15

Value

Question 16

Rooted in the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and its major goal is to understand the factors that contribute to intrinsic motivation.

Answer 16

Self-determination theory

Question 17

The Self-determination theory focuses on the need for these 3 things as factors that promote intrinsic motivation

Answer 17

Competence, autonomy, and relatedness

Question 18

This theory posits that if a certain experience initially provokes an intense reaction of one form or another, as the experience continues over time, the opposite reaction tends to predominate

Answer 18

Opponent-process theory

Question 19

Psychological orientations that we have towards a certain person, activity, or even topic in general

Answer 19

Attitudes

Question 20

Three components of attitude (the “ABC”)

Answer 20

Affective, behavioral, and cognitive

Question 21

T or F. Behavioral component of attitude must be shaped by both the affective and cognitive components of attitude.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Simulating a certain behavior can shape one’s attitudes

Answer 22

Role-playing exercises

Question 23

Articulates an important principle of social psychology: namely, that if people define situations as real, those situations have real consequences

Answer 23

Thomas theorem

*illustrates that attitudes have behavioral impacts

Question 24

Describes what happens when someone with a certain attitude or behavior is confronted with conflicting evidence

Answer 24

Cognitive dissonance

Question 25

Was developed in a wya to try to explain the different ways people can be persuaded. It posits a distinction between the central route of processing and the peripheral route

Answer 25

Elaboration likelihood model

Question 26

Involves making a rational decision based on a thorough consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of possible choices. This requires a deep cognitive engagement, and it tends to lead to more stable outcomes, both cognitively and behaviorally

Answer 26

Central route

Question 27

More superficial and involves making decisions based on gut reactions, informed by surface-level characteristics, and often in response to cues regarding the credibility or desirability of the message, the attractiveness and charisma of the person delivering the message and so one.

Answer 27

Peripheral route

Question 28

Refers to how people are persuaded by various techniques

Answer 28

Elaboration likelihood model

Question 29

Central route processing requires a certain amount of _________ and _________

Answer 29

Motivation and capacity

Question 30

Refers both to the intellectual skills needed toe engage in the reasoning of central-route processing and the attentional and time-related resources necessary to do so at a certain time

Answer 30

Capacity

Question 31

T or F. General, deeply-rooted attitudes are most predictive of specific actions

Answer 31

False. General attitudes are less likely than specific attitudes to predict specific actions