Memory Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

The process in which sensor input is transformed into an object of sorts that we can store or perform cognitive operations one

A

Encoding

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2
Q

This part of the nervous system mediates the processing of environmental input wither automatically or in a controlled, more deliberate way

A

Perceptual processes of our nervous system

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3
Q

This encoding encapsulate meaningful information about a stimulus

A

Semantic encoding

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4
Q

Refers to the effects of context on our ability to perceive subsequent stimuli
(Can be positive and negative)

A

Priming

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5
Q

Type of priming that occurs when stimulus inhibits the processing of subsequent stimuli

A

Negative priming

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6
Q

Stroop task

A

Identify the color that is used to write a word depicting in another color.
Ex. The word “yellow” is written in red. You have to say red, not yellow

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7
Q

Stroop task is an example of which priming

A

Negative priming

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8
Q

A technique that can be used to promote encoding in which complex stimulus is broken down into multiple small, more meaningful components that are much easier to encode.

A

Chunking

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9
Q

Breaking down phone number into 510-867-5309 instead of a linear sequence of ten numbers is using what type of encoding promoting technique

A

Chunking

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10
Q

A way to encode information by mentally mapping it onto an imagined space, with multiple rooms, hallways, and so on

A

Method of loci

- performed by professional memorizers

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11
Q

The hypothesis that psychological arousal restricts our focus of attention is associated with which psychologist

A

J.A. Easterbrook

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12
Q

Type of memory that is virtually instantaneous, the idea here is that in any given moment in time, we’re taking in and temporarily storing a vast amount of information that will decay quickly, without rehearsal, or a conscious decision y to pay attention to or to reinforce the memory

A

Sensory memory

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13
Q

This type of memory describes our ability to store information on that time scale , and it’s generally thought to have a relatively small capacity

A

Short term memory

Traditional guideline: we can hold roughly 5 to 9 items in our short-term memory

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14
Q

A type of memory that focuses more on the cognitive and attention processes that we use to perform mental operations on information that we’re holding in our short-term memory

A

Working memory

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15
Q

The 3 main types of long-term memory

A
  1. Semantic or explicit memory
  2. Procedural or implicit memory
  3. Episodic memory
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16
Q

A type of long-term memory that refers to memory of specific pieces of information (this is the kind of memory that would pay dividends on trivia night)

A

Semantic memory (also known as explicit and declarative memory)

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17
Q

A type of long-term memory that refers to the memory of how to do something. And example would be how to ride a bike (it will be difficult or even impossible to state in explicit terms how to ride a bike)

A

Procedural or implicit memory

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18
Q

A type of long-term memory that relates to ur memory of experiences

A

Episodic memory

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19
Q

Refers to the phenomenon many of us have experienced of having an extremely vivid and detailed memory of important moments in our lives, either positive or negative ones.

A

Flashbulb memory

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20
Q

Refers to the ability to a remember as stimulus on great detail after a relatively short exposure

A

Eidetic memory

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21
Q

Refers to how how a highly-detailed visual image can remain in our perception briefly (a second or so) after the stimulus itself is removed or changed

A

Iconic memory

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22
Q

Refers to memories related to plans to do something in the future

A

Prospective memory

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23
Q

This suggests that when a concept is brought to mind, activation spreads across adjacent nodes of a conceptual network

A

Spreading activation

24
Q

A general term used for ways in which we organize our knowledge and perceptions about the world

A

Schemas

25
Q

Occur when we have a memory piece of knowledge that is, in and of itself, perfectly correct, but for which we misattribute the source.

A

Source monitoring errors

26
Q

The process of calling upon our memories and stored knowledge

A

Retrieval

27
Q

Difference between recall and recognition. Which one is thought to be easier?

A

Recall is an active process while recognition is a passive process. Recognition is thought to be easier

28
Q

Speed and accuracy in recall and recognition tasks can be used to probe those schemas, as ____________ ____________ primes us to more quickly retrieve concepts that are adjacent to already-activated concepts

A

Semantic activation

29
Q

The tendency to recall items at the beginning of a list rather than the middle

A

Primacy effect

30
Q

The tendency to remember the items at the end of the list more than the middle

A

Recency effect

31
Q

Unites the primacy and recency effect by pointing out that, in general, the extreme ends of a list are more favorable than in the middle if a list in terms of promoting recall

A

Serial position effect

32
Q

Describes how we are more effective at recalling information when our learning process is spaced out than when we try to learn everything in one big rush

A

Spacing effect

33
Q

Proposes that studying multiple modalities (like visual learning and text-based learning) is more effective than using a single modality because our brain codes visual, auditory, and semantic representations separately

A

Dual-coding effect

34
Q

Refers to when information that we subsequently obtain can effect how we remember an event

A

Misinformation effect (specific to episodic memory)

35
Q

A model in which we encode information and then reproduce it as needed
- and insufficient models that is at best an oversimplification of how memory works

A

Reproductive memory

36
Q

A model which states that we build our memories based on our perceptions of ourselves and others, information that we have about context of events, and so on.

A

Reconstructive memory

37
Q

False memories are often not acts of deliberate deception; instead could be the product of what?

A

Cognitive reconstruction

38
Q

Formalizes the insight that forgetting is a fact of life, but repeated rounds of learning cause the forgetting process to slow down and for more information to be consolidated into long-tern memory

A

Ebbing has forgetting curve

39
Q

When memories and pieces of knowledge can enter into conflict with each other

A

Interference

40
Q

Type of interference in which older memories inhibit the consolidation or retrieval of new memories
This is the “you cannot teach an old dog new tricks”

A

Proactive interference

41
Q

Type of interference in which new memories or knowledge Ine there fear with older knowledge

A

Retroactive interference

42
Q

Refers to more generalized processes of memory loss: not losing isolated bits of information, but losing memories of entire experiences, periods of time, and/ poor broad swaths of information

A

Amnesia

43
Q

Inability to remember previous events

A

Retrograde amnesia

44
Q

Inability to form new memories

A

Anterograde amnesia

45
Q

Underlying causes have not been fully elucidated but neurofibrillary tangles involving tau proteins and plaques formed of beta-amyloid proteins are characteristic of the disease

A

Alzheimer’s disease

46
Q

Alzheimer’s disease can only be definitely diagnosed by?

A

Examining brain tissue- not always performed

47
Q

Early manifestations of this disease involve forgetfulness and short-term memory loss, but the disease progresses to involve more sever anterograde and retrograde amnesia as well cognitive deficits, difficulties thinking and speaking, and emotional disturbances.

A

Alzheimer’s disease - no known cure

48
Q

This disease causes anterograde and retrograde amnesia, but is also marked by a tendency for confabulation, or elaborate fictional stories .

A

Korsakoff’s syndrome

49
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome is caused by?

A

Thiamine or vitamin B1

50
Q

T or F. Memory loss is an inherent part of aging

A

False. Aging does tend to reduce fluid intelligence and the pace of acquiring declarative knowledge. But it should not cause the loss of previously-acquired semantic knowledge, or impair the ability to deploy crystallized knowledge

51
Q

The mechanism underlying memory land learning is thought to be the development and evolution of

A

Synaptic connections- could include formation, strengthening and reinforcement of these connections as well as pruning

52
Q

It has been proposed that insufficient synaptic pruning may be a factor implicated in the development of conditions such as?

A

Austin’s

53
Q

The ability of the brain to retire itself in response to learning new information or to compensate for disease or injury

A

Neuroplasticity

54
Q

The primary driver of neuroplasticity

A

Changeability of synaptic connections

55
Q

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A

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