Memory

Question 1

The process in which sensor input is transformed into an object of sorts that we can store or perform cognitive operations one

Answer 1

Encoding

Question 2

This part of the nervous system mediates the processing of environmental input wither automatically or in a controlled, more deliberate way

Answer 2

Perceptual processes of our nervous system

Question 3

This encoding encapsulate meaningful information about a stimulus

Answer 3

Semantic encoding

Question 4

Refers to the effects of context on our ability to perceive subsequent stimuli
(Can be positive and negative)

Answer 4

Priming

Question 5

Type of priming that occurs when stimulus inhibits the processing of subsequent stimuli

Answer 5

Negative priming

Question 6

Stroop task

Answer 6

Identify the color that is used to write a word depicting in another color.
Ex. The word “yellow” is written in red. You have to say red, not yellow

Question 7

Stroop task is an example of which priming

Answer 7

Negative priming

Question 8

A technique that can be used to promote encoding in which complex stimulus is broken down into multiple small, more meaningful components that are much easier to encode.

Answer 8

Chunking

Question 9

Breaking down phone number into 510-867-5309 instead of a linear sequence of ten numbers is using what type of encoding promoting technique

Answer 9

Chunking

Question 10

A way to encode information by mentally mapping it onto an imagined space, with multiple rooms, hallways, and so on

Answer 10

Method of loci

- performed by professional memorizers

Question 11

The hypothesis that psychological arousal restricts our focus of attention is associated with which psychologist

Answer 11

J.A. Easterbrook

Question 12

Type of memory that is virtually instantaneous, the idea here is that in any given moment in time, we’re taking in and temporarily storing a vast amount of information that will decay quickly, without rehearsal, or a conscious decision y to pay attention to or to reinforce the memory

Answer 12

Sensory memory

Question 13

This type of memory describes our ability to store information on that time scale , and it’s generally thought to have a relatively small capacity

Answer 13

Short term memory

Traditional guideline: we can hold roughly 5 to 9 items in our short-term memory

Question 14

A type of memory that focuses more on the cognitive and attention processes that we use to perform mental operations on information that we’re holding in our short-term memory

Answer 14

Working memory

Question 15

The 3 main types of long-term memory

Answer 15

1. Semantic or explicit memory
2. Procedural or implicit memory
3. Episodic memory

Question 16

A type of long-term memory that refers to memory of specific pieces of information (this is the kind of memory that would pay dividends on trivia night)

Answer 16

Semantic memory (also known as explicit and declarative memory)

Question 17

A type of long-term memory that refers to the memory of how to do something. And example would be how to ride a bike (it will be difficult or even impossible to state in explicit terms how to ride a bike)

Answer 17

Procedural or implicit memory

Question 18

A type of long-term memory that relates to ur memory of experiences

Answer 18

Episodic memory

Question 19

Refers to the phenomenon many of us have experienced of having an extremely vivid and detailed memory of important moments in our lives, either positive or negative ones.

Answer 19

Flashbulb memory

Question 20

Refers to the ability to a remember as stimulus on great detail after a relatively short exposure

Answer 20

Eidetic memory

Question 21

Refers to how how a highly-detailed visual image can remain in our perception briefly (a second or so) after the stimulus itself is removed or changed

Answer 21

Iconic memory

Question 22

Refers to memories related to plans to do something in the future

Answer 22

Prospective memory

Question 23

This suggests that when a concept is brought to mind, activation spreads across adjacent nodes of a conceptual network

Answer 23

Spreading activation

Question 24

A general term used for ways in which we organize our knowledge and perceptions about the world

Answer 24

Schemas

Question 25

Occur when we have a memory piece of knowledge that is, in and of itself, perfectly correct, but for which we misattribute the source.

Answer 25

Source monitoring errors

Question 26

The process of calling upon our memories and stored knowledge

Answer 26

Retrieval

Question 27

Difference between recall and recognition. Which one is thought to be easier?

Answer 27

Recall is an active process while recognition is a passive process. Recognition is thought to be easier

Question 28

Speed and accuracy in recall and recognition tasks can be used to probe those schemas, as ____________ ____________ primes us to more quickly retrieve concepts that are adjacent to already-activated concepts

Answer 28

Semantic activation

Question 29

The tendency to recall items at the beginning of a list rather than the middle

Answer 29

Primacy effect

Question 30

The tendency to remember the items at the end of the list more than the middle

Answer 30

Recency effect

Question 31

Unites the primacy and recency effect by pointing out that, in general, the extreme ends of a list are more favorable than in the middle if a list in terms of promoting recall

Answer 31

Serial position effect

Question 32

Describes how we are more effective at recalling information when our learning process is spaced out than when we try to learn everything in one big rush

Answer 32

Spacing effect

Question 33

Proposes that studying multiple modalities (like visual learning and text-based learning) is more effective than using a single modality because our brain codes visual, auditory, and semantic representations separately

Answer 33

Dual-coding effect

Question 34

Refers to when information that we subsequently obtain can effect how we remember an event

Answer 34

Misinformation effect (specific to episodic memory)

Question 35

A model in which we encode information and then reproduce it as needed - and insufficient models that is at best an oversimplification of how memory works

Answer 35

Reproductive memory

Question 36

A model which states that we build our memories based on our perceptions of ourselves and others, information that we have about context of events, and so on.

Answer 36

Reconstructive memory

Question 37

False memories are often not acts of deliberate deception; instead could be the product of what?

Answer 37

Cognitive reconstruction

Question 38

Formalizes the insight that forgetting is a fact of life, but repeated rounds of learning cause the forgetting process to slow down and for more information to be consolidated into long-tern memory

Answer 38

Ebbing has forgetting curve

Question 39

When memories and pieces of knowledge can enter into conflict with each other

Answer 39

Interference

Question 40

Type of interference in which older memories inhibit the consolidation or retrieval of new memories This is the “you cannot teach an old dog new tricks”

Answer 40

Proactive interference

Question 41

Type of interference in which new memories or knowledge Ine there fear with older knowledge

Answer 41

Retroactive interference

Question 42

Refers to more generalized processes of memory loss: not losing isolated bits of information, but losing memories of entire experiences, periods of time, and/ poor broad swaths of information

Answer 42

Amnesia

Question 43

Inability to remember previous events

Answer 43

Retrograde amnesia

Question 44

Inability to form new memories

Answer 44

Anterograde amnesia

Question 45

Underlying causes have not been fully elucidated but neurofibrillary tangles involving tau proteins and plaques formed of beta-amyloid proteins are characteristic of the disease

Answer 45

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 46

Alzheimer’s disease can only be definitely diagnosed by?

Answer 46

Examining brain tissue- not always performed

Question 47

Early manifestations of this disease involve forgetfulness and short-term memory loss, but the disease progresses to involve more sever anterograde and retrograde amnesia as well cognitive deficits, difficulties thinking and speaking, and emotional disturbances.

Answer 47

Alzheimer’s disease - no known cure

Question 48

This disease causes anterograde and retrograde amnesia, but is also marked by a tendency for confabulation, or elaborate fictional stories .

Answer 48

Korsakoff’s syndrome

Question 49

Korsakoff’s syndrome is caused by?

Answer 49

Thiamine or vitamin B1

Question 50

T or F. Memory loss is an inherent part of aging

Answer 50

False. Aging does tend to reduce fluid intelligence and the pace of acquiring declarative knowledge. But it should not cause the loss of previously-acquired semantic knowledge, or impair the ability to deploy crystallized knowledge

Question 51

The mechanism underlying memory land learning is thought to be the development and evolution of

Answer 51

Synaptic connections- could include formation, strengthening and reinforcement of these connections as well as pruning

Question 52

It has been proposed that insufficient synaptic pruning may be a factor implicated in the development of conditions such as?

Answer 52

Austin’s

Question 53

The ability of the brain to retire itself in response to learning new information or to compensate for disease or injury

Answer 53

Neuroplasticity

Question 54

The primary driver of neuroplasticity

Answer 54

Changeability of synaptic connections

Question 55

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Answer 55

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