Memory Flashcards
The process in which sensor input is transformed into an object of sorts that we can store or perform cognitive operations one
Encoding
This part of the nervous system mediates the processing of environmental input wither automatically or in a controlled, more deliberate way
Perceptual processes of our nervous system
This encoding encapsulate meaningful information about a stimulus
Semantic encoding
Refers to the effects of context on our ability to perceive subsequent stimuli
(Can be positive and negative)
Priming
Type of priming that occurs when stimulus inhibits the processing of subsequent stimuli
Negative priming
Stroop task
Identify the color that is used to write a word depicting in another color.
Ex. The word “yellow” is written in red. You have to say red, not yellow
Stroop task is an example of which priming
Negative priming
A technique that can be used to promote encoding in which complex stimulus is broken down into multiple small, more meaningful components that are much easier to encode.
Chunking
Breaking down phone number into 510-867-5309 instead of a linear sequence of ten numbers is using what type of encoding promoting technique
Chunking
A way to encode information by mentally mapping it onto an imagined space, with multiple rooms, hallways, and so on
Method of loci
- performed by professional memorizers
The hypothesis that psychological arousal restricts our focus of attention is associated with which psychologist
J.A. Easterbrook
Type of memory that is virtually instantaneous, the idea here is that in any given moment in time, we’re taking in and temporarily storing a vast amount of information that will decay quickly, without rehearsal, or a conscious decision y to pay attention to or to reinforce the memory
Sensory memory
This type of memory describes our ability to store information on that time scale , and it’s generally thought to have a relatively small capacity
Short term memory
Traditional guideline: we can hold roughly 5 to 9 items in our short-term memory
A type of memory that focuses more on the cognitive and attention processes that we use to perform mental operations on information that we’re holding in our short-term memory
Working memory
The 3 main types of long-term memory
- Semantic or explicit memory
- Procedural or implicit memory
- Episodic memory
A type of long-term memory that refers to memory of specific pieces of information (this is the kind of memory that would pay dividends on trivia night)
Semantic memory (also known as explicit and declarative memory)
A type of long-term memory that refers to the memory of how to do something. And example would be how to ride a bike (it will be difficult or even impossible to state in explicit terms how to ride a bike)
Procedural or implicit memory
A type of long-term memory that relates to ur memory of experiences
Episodic memory
Refers to the phenomenon many of us have experienced of having an extremely vivid and detailed memory of important moments in our lives, either positive or negative ones.
Flashbulb memory
Refers to the ability to a remember as stimulus on great detail after a relatively short exposure
Eidetic memory
Refers to how how a highly-detailed visual image can remain in our perception briefly (a second or so) after the stimulus itself is removed or changed
Iconic memory
Refers to memories related to plans to do something in the future
Prospective memory
This suggests that when a concept is brought to mind, activation spreads across adjacent nodes of a conceptual network
Spreading activation
A general term used for ways in which we organize our knowledge and perceptions about the world
Schemas
Occur when we have a memory piece of knowledge that is, in and of itself, perfectly correct, but for which we misattribute the source.
Source monitoring errors
The process of calling upon our memories and stored knowledge
Retrieval
Difference between recall and recognition. Which one is thought to be easier?
Recall is an active process while recognition is a passive process. Recognition is thought to be easier
Speed and accuracy in recall and recognition tasks can be used to probe those schemas, as ____________ ____________ primes us to more quickly retrieve concepts that are adjacent to already-activated concepts
Semantic activation
The tendency to recall items at the beginning of a list rather than the middle
Primacy effect
The tendency to remember the items at the end of the list more than the middle
Recency effect
Unites the primacy and recency effect by pointing out that, in general, the extreme ends of a list are more favorable than in the middle if a list in terms of promoting recall
Serial position effect
Describes how we are more effective at recalling information when our learning process is spaced out than when we try to learn everything in one big rush
Spacing effect
Proposes that studying multiple modalities (like visual learning and text-based learning) is more effective than using a single modality because our brain codes visual, auditory, and semantic representations separately
Dual-coding effect
Refers to when information that we subsequently obtain can effect how we remember an event
Misinformation effect (specific to episodic memory)
A model in which we encode information and then reproduce it as needed
- and insufficient models that is at best an oversimplification of how memory works
Reproductive memory
A model which states that we build our memories based on our perceptions of ourselves and others, information that we have about context of events, and so on.
Reconstructive memory
False memories are often not acts of deliberate deception; instead could be the product of what?
Cognitive reconstruction
Formalizes the insight that forgetting is a fact of life, but repeated rounds of learning cause the forgetting process to slow down and for more information to be consolidated into long-tern memory
Ebbing has forgetting curve
When memories and pieces of knowledge can enter into conflict with each other
Interference
Type of interference in which older memories inhibit the consolidation or retrieval of new memories
This is the “you cannot teach an old dog new tricks”
Proactive interference
Type of interference in which new memories or knowledge Ine there fear with older knowledge
Retroactive interference
Refers to more generalized processes of memory loss: not losing isolated bits of information, but losing memories of entire experiences, periods of time, and/ poor broad swaths of information
Amnesia
Inability to remember previous events
Retrograde amnesia
Inability to form new memories
Anterograde amnesia
Underlying causes have not been fully elucidated but neurofibrillary tangles involving tau proteins and plaques formed of beta-amyloid proteins are characteristic of the disease
Alzheimer’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease can only be definitely diagnosed by?
Examining brain tissue- not always performed
Early manifestations of this disease involve forgetfulness and short-term memory loss, but the disease progresses to involve more sever anterograde and retrograde amnesia as well cognitive deficits, difficulties thinking and speaking, and emotional disturbances.
Alzheimer’s disease - no known cure
This disease causes anterograde and retrograde amnesia, but is also marked by a tendency for confabulation, or elaborate fictional stories .
Korsakoff’s syndrome
Korsakoff’s syndrome is caused by?
Thiamine or vitamin B1
T or F. Memory loss is an inherent part of aging
False. Aging does tend to reduce fluid intelligence and the pace of acquiring declarative knowledge. But it should not cause the loss of previously-acquired semantic knowledge, or impair the ability to deploy crystallized knowledge
The mechanism underlying memory land learning is thought to be the development and evolution of
Synaptic connections- could include formation, strengthening and reinforcement of these connections as well as pruning
It has been proposed that insufficient synaptic pruning may be a factor implicated in the development of conditions such as?
Austin’s
The ability of the brain to retire itself in response to learning new information or to compensate for disease or injury
Neuroplasticity
The primary driver of neuroplasticity
Changeability of synaptic connections
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