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Social Science > Behavior &the Endocrine & Nervous Systems > Flashcards

Behavior &the Endocrine & Nervous Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the parts of the central nervous system?

A

the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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3
Q

What are efferent and afferent nerves and which division of the PNS is responsible for it?

A

efferent- motor nerves

afferent- sensory nerves controlled by the Somatic Nervous System

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4
Q

Which PNS division controls urination?

A

ANS

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5
Q

What are the divisions within the ANS?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

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6
Q

Which hormone is released when the sympathetic nervous system’s fight or flight response is triggered?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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7
Q

What are the consequences of the release of epinephrine?

A

Blood glucose increases, bronchioles in lungs dilate (more air can be processed)

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8
Q

The activation of the Sympathetic nervous system causes means more or less resources are given to the skeletal muscles?

A

more- allows you to move more quickly and resolve the threat

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9
Q

When the Sympathetic nervous system is activated do pupils constrict or dilate?

A

dilate- vision is more sensitive

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10
Q

How is sweat useful in psychological experiments and lie detectors?

A

it increases skin conductance which can be used as a measure of stress

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11
Q

What are some behavioral effects of fight or flight response?

A

tunnel vision, shaking, less sexual arousal

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12
Q

When the parasympathetic nervous system is activated, blood vessels in the muscles and digestive tract constrict or dilate?

A

muscles- constrict

digestive tract- dilate

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13
Q

What is the third division of the ANS and what is its main function?

A

Enteric Nervous System- regulates the activity of the gut

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14
Q

Can both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems affect the enteric nervous system?

A

yes but it can also function independently

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15
Q

Which nerves inform the brain of sensations and stimuli?

A

afferent (sensory) nerves

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16
Q

What does the somatic nervous system regulate?

A

it regulates the conscious activities/actions

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17
Q

Which hormone is mostly used by the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

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18
Q

Which PNS division coordinates skeletal muscle movement?

A

Somatic Nervous system

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19
Q

T or F. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems always act on target organs simultaneously.

A

True. Neither is ever fully inactive, the other just exerts a stronger effect than the other.

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20
Q

What is the main role of the CNS?

A

It decides what to do with the information received and sends orders.

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21
Q

Which part of the central nervous system is responsible for basic functions such as breathing (more evolutionary conserved functions)?

A

Hindbrain

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22
Q

Which part of the CNS is responsible for more advanced functions like reasoning?

A

Forebrain

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23
Q

The cerebellum is part of the hindbrain or midbrain?

A

hindbrain

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24
Q

Which part of the hindbrain is a relay system through which signals are transmitted between the cerebellum, medulla, and rest of the brain?

A

pons

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25
Q

Which part of the hindbrain includes a cluster of neurons that deal with functions such as sleep, respiration, swallowing, taste, bladder control, and balance?

A

pons

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26
Q

Which part of the midbrain helps process auditory input?

A

inferior colliculi

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27
Q

Which part of the midbrain helps process visual input

A

superior colliculi

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28
Q

Which part of the midbrain contains neurons that communicate using dopamine to help coordinate voluntary movement?

A

substantia nigra

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29
Q

The substantia nigra communicates using which hormone?

A

Dopamine

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30
Q

In Parkinson’s, the dopaminergic neurons of what part of the brain degenerate?

A

substantia nigra

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31
Q

What hormone is closely related to Parkinson’s disease?

A

Dopamine

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32
Q

Which part of the brain contains the reticular activating system (RAS)?

A

Brainstem: includes the pons, medulla oblongata, and midbrain

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33
Q

What does the RAS modulate?

A

alertness and arousal

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34
Q

The diencephalon gives rise to what 3 parts?

A

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Pituitary gland

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35
Q

The telencephalon gives rise to what part?

A

cerebrum

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36
Q

Which part of the forebrain relays sensory and motor glands?

A

Thalamus

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37
Q

Which part of the brain regulates sleep and alertness?

A

Thalamus

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38
Q

Which part of the brain bridges between the nervous system and endocrine system?

A

Hypothalamus

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39
Q

Which part of the brain releases several important hormones?

A

pituitary gland

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40
Q

What is the largest structure of the brain?

A

Cerebrum

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41
Q

The cerebrum is divided into which two parts?

A

the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures

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42
Q

Which part of the cerebrum is the thin, outer layer of the brain that is divided into right and left hemispheres?

A

the cortex

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43
Q

Which part of the brain consolidates short-term memory into long-term memory?

A

hippocampus

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44
Q

Which part of the brain participates in a broad range of miscellaneous functions, including eye and other voluntary movements and procedural and habitual learning?

A

basal ganglia

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45
Q

What 5 structures are part of the limbic system?

A

the olfactory bulb, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, and hippocampus, amygdala

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46
Q

A grouping of various structures involved in emotion, memory, and motivation

A

limbic system

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47
Q

Which part of the brain is involved in episodic memory, attention, and emotion?

A

amygdala

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48
Q

Which part of the brain is involved in reward, motivation, and learning?

A

nucleus accumbens

49
Q

Which neurological structure is implicated in addiction?

A

nucleus accumbens

50
Q

The cerebral cortex is divided into what 4 lobes?

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

51
Q

Which lobe is involved in voluntary movement, memory processing, planning, motivation, and attention?

A

frontal lobe

52
Q

Which lobe is involved in sensory processing except for vision?

A

parietal lobe

53
Q

Which lobe is involved in making visual memories, attaching meaning to information, and language?

A

Temporal lobe- where meaning happens

54
Q

Which structure of the temporal lobe is responsible for language comprehension?

A

Wernicke’s area

55
Q

Which structure of the frontal lobe is responsible for language production?

A

Broca’s area

56
Q

The Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas are in the right or left hemisphere?

A

left

57
Q

The term that describes the tendency for the left and right hemispheres of the brain to specialize in different functions

A

lateralization

58
Q

One contributing factor to differences in functionality between different brain areas or groups of neurons

A

different neurons can express different neurotransmitter receptors. For example, one neuron might respond to serotonin more than dopamine.

59
Q

Which structure links the central and peripheral nervous systems?

A

spinal cord- contains afferent and efferent nerves

60
Q

Afferent nerves

A

sensory neurons that relay information from the periphery to the central nervous system for processing

61
Q

Efferent nerves

A

motor neurons that trigger muscle contraction

62
Q

What structures are in place to protect the brain and spinal cord?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), meninges, and bones

63
Q

What bones protect the brain and spinal cord?

A

Skull- brain

Vertebrae- spinal cord

64
Q

Afferent nerves are located ventrally or dorsally?

A

dorsally (SAME DAVE)

65
Q

Efferent nerves are located ventrally or dorsally?

A

ventrally (SAME DAVE)

66
Q

Areas of the skin that are innervated by the branches of specific nerves, corresponding to entrance into the spinal column at the height of specific vertebrae

A

dermatomes- divides the entire exterior of the nerves

67
Q

Which type of hormone causes their target cells to make direct changes in some physiological function?

A

Direct hormones

68
Q

Which type of hormone cause other hormones to be released?

A

Tropic hormones

69
Q

The use of which type of hormone shows that the body can exert exquisitely fine control over hormonal levels and processes?

A

Tropic Hormones

70
Q

Which organ is responsible for converting input from the nervous system into endocrine signals, so it’s sometimes known as the bridge between the nervous and endocrine system?

A

Hypothalamus

71
Q

The hypothalamus release high-level tropic hormones, which travel down to which organ to promote the release of other tropic hormones?

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland

72
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) acts on the anterior pituitary to trigger the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which ultimately regulate production. Which are tropic and direct hormones?

A

GnRH- tropic

LH and FSH- direct

73
Q

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) ———> adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ———> cortisol. Which are tropic and direct hormones? What organs release each and what is the final function?

A

CRF- hypothalamus (tropic)
ACTH- anterior pituitary (tropic)
Cortisol- adrenal gland (direct)- involved in stress

74
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) ———> Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) ———> thyroid hormone. Which are tropic and direct hormones? What organs release each and what is the final function?

A

TRH- hypothalamus (tropic)
TSH- anterior pituitary (tropic)
Thyroid hormone- thyroid gland (direct)- increases heart rate and contractility

75
Q

A system of blood vessels connecting the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland. This is where hypothalamic hormones are released to communicate to the anterior pituitary.

A

Hypophyseal Portal System

76
Q

Examples of TROPIC and DIRECT hormones released by the anterior pituitary and their functions.

A

LH, FSH- sex-specific effects on reproductive organs
ACTH- release of cortisol
TSH- release of thyroid hormone
prolactin- stimulates milk production
Endorphins (direct)- reduce the perception of pain
Growth hormone (direct)

77
Q

Another name for anterior pituitary gland

A

Adenohypophysis

78
Q

Another name for posterior pituitary

A

neurohypophysis

79
Q

This gland receives neuronal input from the hypothalamus

A

Posterior pituitary- composed of neurons itself

80
Q

What two hormones does the posterior pituitary release and what are their functions?

A 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)- regulates fluid balance
Oxytocin- various effects on behavior
81
Q

What are the 2 gland in the throat?

A

Thyroid and Parathyroid glands

82
Q

Thyroid hormone affects what?

A

Metabolism and behavior

83
Q

What hormone does the adrenal cortex secretes and what is its function?

A

Cortisol- mediates CHRONIC stress response

84
Q

What hormones does the adrenal medulla secretes and what are their functions?

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine- ACUTE stress response

85
Q

What is the function of parathyroid?

A

Help regulate calcium levels in the blood

86
Q

How do sex hormones affect behavior?

A

They promote libido (or interest in sexual behavior). Testosterone is associated with complex changes in social behavior. Short term stimuli can also affect levels of these hormones. Ex. Winning a game can cause increase of testosterone levels.

87
Q

Oxytocin is known for what effect?

A

Promoting uterine contractions during labor- an example of positive feedback

88
Q

Effects of oxytocin on behavior?

A

Promote bonding, empathy, and trust. Have antidepressant properties.

89
Q

Effects or prolactin behaviorally?

A

Modulates the stress response, anxiety, and depression. Dysregulation is a possible contributor of postpartum depression.

90
Q

Melatonin is produced by which gland? And what is its function?

A

Produced by the pineal gland and it regulates wakefulness. It is thought to induce sleep as part of the human’s circadian rhythm.

91
Q

3 hormones that mediates hunger

A

Leptin, Ghrelin, and Neuropeptide Y

92
Q

Leptin and Ghrelin’s antagonistic effects and where are they produced?

A

Leptin: primarily released by adipose -reduces hunger (stop eating)———> expend energy
Ghrelin: released by cells in gastrointestinal tract - promotes hunger

93
Q

Leptin and Ghrelin acts on which gland?

A

Hypothalamus

94
Q

Neuropeptide Y function?

A

Stimulates appetite to increase food intake

95
Q

Additional roles of Leptin and Ghrelin

A

Both: reproduction and immune system
Leptin: obesity
Ghrelin: learning, mood, sleep

96
Q

T or F. Norepinephrine is only a hormone.

A

False. Norepinephrine can be secreted from neurons which makes it a hormone and neurotransmitter. Epinephrine can also be a neurotransmitter but mainly norepinephrine

97
Q

Cortisol physiological effect?

A

Increase in blood sugar levels.

98
Q

Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism psychological effects

A

Hypothyroidism- fatigue and depression

Hyperthyroidism- irritability

99
Q

Projections in neurons that receive input for other nerves or other specialized sense organs

A

Dendrites

100
Q

At rest, what is the electrical potential difference that exists across the membrane?

A

-70 mV: can get smaller in response to various stimuli

101
Q

The electrical potential difference that triggers an action potential?

A

-55 mV

102
Q

The ___________ causes a signal and a cascade known as the action potential.

A

Depolarization

103
Q

Describe the pathway of action potential.

A

Action potential travels down the axon to the axon terminal where neurotransmitter is released to the synapse which is the space between one neuron and another.

104
Q

Patellar reflex acts on which muscle?

A

The quadriceps muscle

105
Q

Simple neural pathways that control reflexes

A

Reflex Arcs

106
Q

A neurotransmitter that depolarizers the target neurons, making it more likely to send a signal?

A

Excitatory

107
Q

What determines if a neuron will fire an action potential?

A

The sum of depolarizing and hyperpolarizing input

108
Q

Receptor specificity

A

A neurotransmitter can be inhibitory or excitatory depending on the receptor subtype it binds to

109
Q

Neurotransmitter responsible for activating muscle contraction.

A

Acetylcholine

110
Q

Neurotransmitter that is responsible for communicating between the nervous system and other body tissues, and between different divisions of the nervous system

A

Acetylcholine

111
Q

The most common neurotransmitter and is involved in 90% of neuronal connections in the brain

A

Glutamate

112
Q

Glutamate and Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Which is excitatory and inhibitory?

A

Glutamate- excitatory (depolarizes)

GABA- inhibitory (hyperpolarizes)

113
Q

A neurotransmitter involved in reward pathways and mediating certain motor functions.

A

Dopamine

114
Q

A neurotransmitter that regulates mood, appetite, sleep, and regulates intestinal movement.

A

Serotonin

115
Q

A neurotransmitter known to be involved with depression

A

Serotonin. A class of antidepressants, SSRIs prevents serotonin from being taken back up by neurons.

116
Q

A category of neurotransmitters that suppress pain and can produce a euphoric response. Function similarly to opioids.

A

Endorphins

117
Q

Main neurotransmitter involved in acute stress response (fight-or-flight response). It enables us to run by elevating heart rate and blood pressure.

A

Norepinephrine

118
Q

Another name for epinephrine

A

Adrenaline

119
Q

Bind to receptors but do not activate it or cause a response. By doing so, they prevent the receptor demo being bound by an agonist.

A

Antagonist

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