Emotion And Stress Flashcards
The first pair of Ekman’s universal emotions
Happiness and sadness
Expression of happiness
Smiling and wrinkling of one’s brows
Expression of sadness
The corners of the mouth are lowered and the inner side of the brows are raised
Expression of surprise
Opening on;es eyes wide, thereby raising the eyebrows, and optionally by opening one;s mouth slightly
Expression of fear
Involves widening the yes and raising one’s eyebrows, but with lips retracted backwards towards the ear
Expression of anger
Expressed by lowering one’s eyebrows, pressing one’s lips together, and glaring
Expression of disgust
Shown by wrinkling one’s nose and possibly lifting up one’s upper lip
Eva an originally proposed 6 universal emotions but later on argued a 7th one? What is it and how is it facially expressed?
Contempt. Pulling a corner of the mouth upwards
What general region of the brain is associated with emotion? Which specific organ is mainly associated with emotion?
Limbic system; amygdala
This organ is an important link between the nervous and endocrine system. The amygdala has neurons that project to this organ
Hypothalamus
These 2 organs both play important roles in translating between stimuli, conscious perceptions, and the physiological manifestations of emotion.
Amygdala and Hypothalamus
Emotions like anxiety and fear are associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous system. What are the effects of “fight or flight” response activation?
Dilation of pupils, increased conductivity of the skin, reduced peristalsis and less blood flow to the muscles responsible for digestion, and increased blood sugar levels.
The 3 components of emotion
Cognitive, physiological, and behavioral
Three main theories that have been proposed to account for links among the cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components are
James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer theories of emotion.
*also know the Lazarus theory
James-Lange theory of emotion
Stimulus -> Physiological response -> emotional response
We perceive the physiological response as emotion
How is the Schachter-Singer theory an improvement of Jame-Lange
It added cognitive appraisal of the context
Outline of emotion with the Schachter-Singer theory
Stimulus -> physiological response -> appraise that response in context -> conscious emotion and/or behavior
Cannon-Bard theory outline of emotion
Stimulus -> physiological response and emotional response in the brain happen SIMULTANEOUSLY and SEPARATELY -> emotional response
What is the difference between the Schachter-Singer and Lazarus theory?
Lazarus theory includes cognitive labeling but says it comes first before the physiological response while for Schachter-Singer theory, contextual appraisal is highly linked to physiological response
These type of stressors are outside of our control
Independent stressors
Ex. Cataclysmic events, unexpected illnesses, car accident through no fault of one’s own.
Type of stressors that are impacted by our own behaviors and to some extent are therefore, within our control
Dependent stressors
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
Have to choose between 2 bad options
Approach-approach conflict
Have to choose between 2 good options
Approach-avoidance conflict
Have to make a decision that has both upsides and downsides
Double-approach avoidance conflict
Have to choose between 2 options that each have upsides and downsides
The discrepancies that exist in the degree to which certain things stress people out
Stress appraisal
Refers to the process through which a person sees a certain event as a threat or a stressor
Primary appraisal
Refers to a person’s assessment of his or her ability to deal with that stressor
Secondary appraisal
A form of stress that has a negative effect on you
Distress
Refers to positive stress
Distress
*when stress brings out the best in us
Can also be graduation, employment, marriage
Refers to stressors that don’t have much impact on you one way or another.
Neustress- neutral stress
The outline provided in the concepts known as General Adaptation Syndrome
Alarm -> Resistance -> Exhaustion
Described as the initial response to stress. A stage in which the nervous system become activated to marshal the fight-or-flight response needed to deal with an acute stressor
Alarm
This stage is mediated by the steroid hormone cortisol, which is responsible for chronic stress response
Resistance
The stage in which body’s resources will be drained at which points= the body becomes more vulnerable to the long-term negative side effects of stress.
Exhaustion
Chronic stress may serve as a ____________ variable for observe relationships between lower socioeconomic status and higher rates of negative health outcomes
Mediating
Repeated exposure to stressors that one is unable to change or avoid can lead to this phenomenon
Learned helplessness
Learned helplessness has been linked to psychiatric conditions such as
Depression
Which hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex
Cortisol and epinephrine
Physiological response to chronic stressors
General Adaptation Syndrome
Cognitive and behavioral response to chronic stressors
Learned helplessness
