Experimental Design Flashcards

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1
Q

This term is used to refer to phenomena as it must show some kind of variation in the real world in order for them to be interesting from a research perspective

A

Variable

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2
Q

In this study, the researcher manipulates the independent variable, and then observes how the dependent variable changes in response to those manipulations

A

Experimental study

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3
Q

In a graph, which would be in the x-axis and y-axis

A

X-axis: independent variable

Y-axis: dependent variable

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4
Q

A third variable that affects both the independent and dependent variables. By doing so it obscures the real relationship between these 2 variables

A

Confounding variable- has a relationship with both variables

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5
Q

Provides a mechanistic link between an observed relationship between two variable. Can be visualized as being in between the independent and dependent variables

A

Mediating variable

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6
Q

Modulates the intensity of a certain relationship
Ex. Healthy coping strategies might reduce the intensity of the relationship between workplace stress and symptoms of anxiety and depression

A

Moderating variable

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7
Q

The process in which the goal must be translated into something that we can measure in a practical way.

A

Operationalization

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8
Q

A type of observation design in which researchers take a set of people representative of a population, measure various things about them, and look for certain correlations among the measurements

A

Cross-sectional study

Ex. Opinion polls

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9
Q

Multiple measures are made over time

A

Longitudinal design

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10
Q

Independent variables associated with a higher risk of a negative outcome

A

Risk factors

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11
Q

Associated with a lower risk of a negative outcome

A

Protective factors

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12
Q

A subset of longitudinal cross-sectional studies, in which a group subjects is assembled according to some organizing principle, often age, and followed up over time

A

Cohort studies

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13
Q

An analysis in which data are gathered moving forward, is known as __________, whereas cross-sectional studies that look back over time are known as __________.

A

Prospective, Retrospective

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14
Q

T or F. Only observational studies can be longitudinal

A

False, experimental studies can be longitudinal depending on the length and regularity of rounds of treatment and follow-up measurements

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15
Q

A subtype of observational studies involved in gathering up some
“Cases”- or individuals with an outcome of interest-and comparing them to “controls”- or people who do not have that outcome of interest, with the goal of identifying difference between the 2 groups that might shed light on the phenomenon in questions.

A

Case-control studies- important in epidemiology

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16
Q

Hierarchy of evidence diagram (pg. 6)

A
  1. No humans involved: animal and lab studies
  2. No design: case report or case series, narrative reviews, expert opinions, editorials
  3. Primary studies: case control studies, cohort studies, and randomized controlled trait (RCT)
  4. Secondary, pre-appraised, or filtered: meta-analysis systematic review and clinical practice guidelines
17
Q

Concern for ethical standards lies at the core of this requirement.

A

Institutional Review Board approval is a mainstay of modern research

18
Q

7 principles that must be considered when conducting research on humans as identified by researchers at National Institutes of Health

A

1: social and clinical value
2. Scientific validity
3. Fair subject selection
4. Favorable risk-benefit ratio
5. Independent review
6. Informed consent
7. Respect for potential and enrolled participants

19
Q

Correlation vs Causation

A

Correlation is a bidirectional, or reciprocal, relationship, where two variables tend to rise and fall in tandem, or in opposite patterns
Causation is a unidirectional relationship, in which changes in one variable result in changes in another.