Learning Flashcards
Ways that animals and humans can be trained to exhibit certain behaviors
Associative learning
Who launched classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
In Pavlov’s experiment, which is the unconditioned stimulus?
Dog food
In Pavlov’s experiment, what is the unconditioned response
The initial response of salivating
In Pavlov’s experiment, the metronome or bell is what in the beginning of the experiment?
A neutral stimulus
This refers to successful conditioning
Acquisition
In Pavlov’s experiment, the sound of metronome becomes a?
Conditioned stimulus
In Pavlov’s experiment, salivation becomes what after conditioning has occurred
Conditioned response
Refers to the fact that repeated stimuli elicit a diminished response over time
Habituation
When the conditioned response stops when the conditioned stimulus is no longer being served with its reward
Extinction
The process in which an intervening stimulus causes you to become re-sensitized to the original stimulus is called?
Dishabituation
Under some circumstances, the conditioned response can re-emerge without requiring a separate conditioning process
Spontaneous recovery
*the conditioned response tends to be less strong, an effect that gets amplified as more cycles of extinction and recovery repeat
What do you call a phenomenon when any rhythmic beating could elicit conditioned response even if it is not exactly a metronome?
Stimulus generalization
The opposite of stimulus generalization when responding selectively to only one or a very limited range of stimuli
Discrimination
Which psychologist developed operant conditioning? What else did he pioneered on?
B.F. SKinner; behaviorism
Classical vs Operant conditioning
CC is limited to specific stimulus-response relationships, and doesn’t really give us a toolkit for incentivizing someone to do something more or less frequently or to even creat a distinct, complex behavior.
In operant conditioning, rewards are known as
Reinforcers
In operant conditioning, this is defined as anything that increases the frequency of behavior
Reinforcement
In operant conditioning, these are defined as anything that decreases behavior
Punishment
In operant conditioning, positive and negative means?
Positive: presence of a stimulus
Negative: absence of stimulus
This increases behavior
Reinforcement
This decreases behavior
Punishment
This would mean administering a pleasant stimulus immediately after a behavior we would like to see increase
Positive reinforcement
Means administering an aversive stimulus or adding anything , that decreases behavior
Positive punishment
Removing a pleasant stimulus right after a behavior occurs in order to decrease it
Negative punishment
Taking away a stimulus in order to encourage a behavior; for this to make sense logically, the stimulus must be unpleasant or aversive
Negative reinforcement
Involves a behavior aimed to terminate an aversive or unpleasant stimulus
Escape learning
Refers to a behavior that is intended to prevent an aversive stimulus from ever happening
Avoidance learning
What would lead to the largest increase in the frequency of the behavior and is more resistant to extinction
Variable-ratio reinforcement schedule
*the reinforcement schedule that casinos deploy with slot machines
This is when tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for a reward that triggers a more direct response, to the point that it could be suitable as a primary reinforcer
Token economy
The strategy of just waiting for the desired behavior to spontaneously occur then rewarding it is known as
Capturing
*would require a lot of patience and time
Technique in which progressive approximations of a target behavior a rewarded
Shaping
Describes a form of non-associative learning in which a subject learns something that’s kind of in a background of the experimental design
Latent learning
The tendency for animals to revert back to their instinctive behavior unless reinforcement continues
Instinctive drift
Who established the importance of observational learning
Alfred Bandura
Neurons rear are strongly implicated as contributing to observational learning. They could contribute to empathy and experiencing emotions vicariously
Mirror neurons
