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Psychology > Social Influences paper 1 > Flashcards

Social Influences paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. What is normative social influence?
  2. An example
  3. Where it happens
A
  1. Copying people to be liked
  2. Fashion
  3. Around strangers
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2
Q
  1. What is informational social influence
  2. An example
  3. Where it happens
A
  1. Copying people to be right
  2. Cheating in a test
  3. New environment
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3
Q

What was the Deutsch and Gerard research and was it a strength or limitation

A

Two process model : conformity can be both normative and informational.
LIMITATION: because other psychologists believe the conformities can work alone

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4
Q

What was the Lucas et al research and was it an strength or limitation?

A

giving students maths questions proving that more students conform as questions get harder
STRENGTH - people conform to be right (informational)

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5
Q

What was the linkenbach and Perkins research and was it a strength or limitation

A

putting up posters stating less teenagers smoke resulting in even less teens smoking
STRENGTH - people stopped smoking to fit the norm and be liked (normative)

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6
Q

what does a compliance level of conformity mean? & give an example

A

Publicly agreeing but disagreeing in private e.g normative

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7
Q

What does an identification level of conformity mean?

A

Acting when given a label

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8
Q

What does an internalisation level of conformity mean & give an example

A

Publicly and privately changing your own opinion e.g informational

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9
Q

Brief outline of Asch’s experiment

A

Male American uni students asked to take part in a visual line test
Groups formed of actors and one confederate
Actors told to give the deliberate wrong answer

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10
Q

Results of Asch’s experiment

A

Experimental group: 36.8% conformed 25% never conformed

Control group: less than 1% conformed

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11
Q

Evaluation of Asch’s experiment

A
  • LIMITATION: only used male = lacks population validity
  • STRENGTH: high internal validity
  • LIMITATION: participants were deceived as they were told they were taking part in a visual test
  • STRENGTH: given a debrief after experiment (counter argument)
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12
Q

How did Asch’s establish cause and effect &what did changing the task result in

A

By changing his experiment in 3 ways: group size, task difficulty and a rebel.
Changing each one at a time results in cause and effect: group size=3 confederate increases conformity, task difficulty=lines similar increases conformity, rebel=someone not lying reduces conformity

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13
Q

Briefly outline Zimbardo’s experiment

A

Students volunteer to take part.
Fake prison set up
roles of prisoner or guard randomly assigned
Prisoners were arrested, deloused and blindfolded

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14
Q

Results of Zimbardo’s experiment

A

Meant to last for 14 days but stopped by Zimbardo’s wife after 6 days
Participants identified to their social roles

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15
Q

Evaluation of Zimbardo’s experiment

A
  • LIMITATION: no right to withdraw-participants could only leave if they were emotionally unstable
  • STRENGTH: control of variables - only emotionally stable participants allowed to take part
  • LIMITATION: guards given weapons which were used-physical harm
  • LIMITATION: Fromm (1973) 1/3 guards brutal, 1/3 keeps rules, 1/3 supported prisoners = participants didn’t identify to their roles
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16
Q

Briefly outline milgrams experiment

A

Male volunteers payed to take part
Given the job of being a teacher and ad to shock a learner when given an incorrect answer
Shocks up to 450V

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17
Q

Results of milgrams experiment

A

2/3 volunteers obedient

65% continued to 450V

18
Q

Evaluation of milgrams experiment

A
  • STRENGTH: hofling’s research - 21/22 nurses
  • LIMITATION: physical harm (sweating and seizures)
  • LIMITATION: right to withdraw
  • STRENGTH: replications - French documentary showed 80% of people on a reality show gave fatal shocks when ordered to do so
19
Q

What are the three situational variables

A

Proximity, location, uniform

20
Q

How did situational variables affect milgrams experiment

A

Proximity - when the teacher and the learner were in the same room obedience levels dropped to 40%
Location - when the experiment was carried out in a run down building obedience levels dropped to 47%
Uniform - when a member of the public, dressed in ordinary clothes, took over obedience levels dropped to 20%

21
Q

Evaluation of situational variables

A
  • BICKMAN SUPPORTS: confederate dresses as milkman, security guard and in a jacket and tie. People 2x more likely to obey security guard than the jacket and tie
  • BICKMAN LIMITATION: people were deceived in bickmans experiment making it unethical and a limitation
  • LIMITATION: lacks internal validity - variation with a member of the public as the experimenter is not realistic
  • STRENGTH: control of variables - proximity,location,uniform changed one at a time
22
Q

What are the two psychological factors affecting obedience

A

Agentic state

Legitimacy of authority

23
Q

What is the agentic state

A

The shift from autonomous to agentic. When in the autonomous state you feel responsible for your actions, whereas in the agentic state you don’t. The shift is permanent

24
Q

What are binding factors

A

Where you ignore or minimise the damage as a result of your own actions

25
Q

What is legitimacy of authority

A

When we feel we have to be obedient to someone because they are higher than ourselves on the social hierarchy

26
Q

Evaluation of psychological factors

A
  • STRENGTH: lifton - found that agentic state is irreversible from German doctors in Auschwitz
  • STRENGTH: tarnow - found plane crew always obey officers even if they think he’s incorrect because he holds a higher level of authority
  • STRENGTH: hofling - 21/22 nurses gave a lethal injection to patients when instructed to by doctors
  • STRENGTH: blass and schmidt - participants watched milgrams experiment and were asked who was to blame, all said experimenter as he held the higher level of authority
27
Q

What is the dispositional explanation of obedience

A

The authoritarian personality

28
Q

Briefly explain adornos experiment

A

-2000 white middle class Americans
-Participants took part in an authoritarian personality questionnaire
-questionnaire called f-scale (fascism)
Higher f-scale=higher authoritarian personality, you will be prejudice but obedient to those with higher authorities

29
Q

Evaluation of dispositional explanations

A
  • LIMITATION: 2000 white Americans = lacks population validity
  • LIMITATION: questionnaire = social desirability bias (lying)
  • STRENGTH: milgram and elms - 40’participants from milgrams experiment completed fscale = more obedient participants scored higher fscales = higher obedience higher authoritarian
  • LIMITATION: lacks temporal validity
30
Q

What are the two resistances to social influence

A

Social support and locus of control

31
Q

What is social support

A

When you are less likely to conform if other people are not conforming

32
Q

What is locus of control

A

Whether you believe everything happens to you as a result of fate or as a result of your own doing

33
Q

What does internal locus of control mean

A

They believe everything happens as a result of their own doing

34
Q

What does an external locus of control mean

A

They believe everything happens as a result of fate

35
Q

Evaluation of resistance to social influence

A

-STRENGTH: allen&levine- added a rebel to Asch’s experiment and found that conformity dropped to 25%
-STRENGTH: holland - 37% of internals did not go to 450V but 23% of externals did not = internals more resistant
-LIMITATION: twenge- people have become more resistant to obedience but more external too. LOC would say that people would be
internal if they are resistant
-LIMITATION: rotter - social influence only affects us in unfamiliar situations for LOC

36
Q

What is minority influence

A

When a minority group changes the opinion of the majority group through internalisation

37
Q

What are the 3 parts to minority influence

A

Consistency, commitment and flexibility

38
Q

Briefly describe moscovici’s experiment

A

Participants asked to state whether a square was either blue or green

39
Q

Evaluation of minority influence

A
  • STRENGTH: wood et al - meta analysis of 100 studies showed a consistent minority is very influential
  • STRENGTH: nemeth & Brilmayer - found no compromise leads to little change but later compromise leads to great change (flexibility)
  • LIMITATION: moscovici’s task was artificial compared to how minorities try to influence in real life
  • STRENGTH: moscovici’s study showed internalisation took place - participants wrote down answers showing publicly and privately they changed their opinion
40
Q

What are the 6 components to social change

A

Attention, consistency, processing, augmentation principle, snowball effect, social crypto amnesia

41
Q

Evaluation of social change

A
  • LIMITATION: moscovici said that minority influence makes people thing deeply (deeper processing) not social change
  • STRENGTH: wood et al - meta analysis of 100 studies shows consistency can be influential
  • LIMITATION: bashir - people don’t want negative stereotypes of the minority influence
  • STRENGTH: Nolan - hung messages that most residents reducing energy usage - led to decrease in energy usage

Psychology (12 decks)

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