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schizophrenia paper 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the three biological explanations of schizophrenia

A

genetics, dopamine hypothesis, neural correlates

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2
Q

how many gene variations are associated with schizophrenia

A

108

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3
Q

what does polygenetic mean

A

it means that there are multiple genes which can cause schizophrenia

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4
Q

briefly explain Grottesman’s research

A

he found that having 2 schizophrenic parents you have a 46% chance of having schizophrenia if you have one schizophrenic parent you have a 13% chance of having schizophrenia and if you have schizophrenic siblings you have a 9% chance of having schizophrenia

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5
Q

evaluation of the genetic explanation of schizophrenia

A
  1. STRENGTH: biological determinism - you wouldn’t choose to have a mental illness
  2. LIMITATION: socially sensitive research - puts blame on the parents
  3. LIMITATION: idiographic research - schizophrenia only affects 1% of the population
  4. STRENGTH: adoption studies - 164 adoptees who had biologically schizophrenic mothers was 6.7% whereas 197 adoptees with non-schizophrenic mothers was only 2%
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6
Q

what type of neurotransmitter is dopamine

A

an excitation neurotransmitter

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7
Q

what is an excitation neurotransmitters

A

it gives a positive charge within the body

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8
Q

what feeling does dopamine stimulate

A

feelings of happiness

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9
Q

what does hypERdopaminergia mean

A

that there are high levels of dopamine resulting in disorganised speech which leads to speech poverty

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10
Q

what does hypOdopaminergia mean

A

that there a low levels of dopamine resulting in poor decision making which leads patients to have delusions

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11
Q

what are the family dysfunction explanations of schizophrenia

A

schizophrenogenic mothers, double-bind theory and expressed emotion (EE)

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12
Q

what is a schizophrenogenic mother

A

they are mothers who are cold and rejecting, they often create a tense family climate

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13
Q

how do schizophrenogenic mothers cause schizophrenia

A

they create distrust which leads to the creation of paranoid delusions

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14
Q

what is the double-bind theory

A

where children receive conflicting messages from their parents about what is wrong and right

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15
Q

how does double-bind theory lead to causing schizophrenia

A

it results in the patient having disorganised thoughts which leads to them having hallucinations and delusions

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16
Q

what is expressed emotion

A

negative expressed emotion towards a patient in the form of verbal criticism, hostility and over-involvement in their life

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17
Q

how do expressed emotions cause schizophrenia

A

it causes stress in patients ultimately resulting in relapse

18
Q

what are the three cognitive explanations of schizophrenia

A

dysfunctional thought processing, metarepresentation and dysfunction of central control

19
Q

what is dysfunctional thought processing

A

lower levels of information processing in some areas of the brain suggest cognition is impaired

20
Q

what is metarepresentation

A

the cognitive ability to reflect on thoughts and behavior. This dysfunction disrupts our ability to recognise our thoughts as our own

21
Q

what is a central control

A

central control is the ability to suppress automatic responses while performing deliberate actions.

22
Q

how does metarepresentation cause schizophrenia

A

leads to the sensation of hearing voices (hallucinations) and having thoughts placed in the mind by others (delusions)

23
Q

evaluation of the psychological explanations of schizophrenia

A
  1. STRENGTH: Stirling et al - compared 30 schizophrenic patients with 18 non-patients on a cognitive task (stroop test), those with schizophrenia took twice as long to process compared to the control group
  2. LIMITATION: socially sensitive research - sensitive to put blame on mothers for causing schizophrenia
  3. LIMITATION: cultural variations - auditory hallucinations seen as normal in some cultures
  4. STRENGTH: read at al - 69% of 46 studies showed that women who had experienced child abuse had also been diagnosed with schizophrenia
24
Q

what are the three types of psychological treatments of schizophrenia

A

CBT therapy, family therapy and token economy

25
Q

how does CBT treat schizophrenia

A

patients identify their irrational thoughts, they are given homework, experiments and journals which focus on their specific symptoms of schizophrenia, for example avolition

26
Q

how does family therapy treat schizophrenia

A

aims to improve communication between family members and create a less stressful environment

27
Q

what are the stages used in family therapy

A
  1. patient talks to therapist alone
  2. therapist talks to family, educating them on schizophrenia
  3. therapist brings family and patient together
28
Q

who is token economy used on

A

hospitalised patients

29
Q

how is token economy used to treat schizophrenia

A

tokens are used to encourage typical behaviour, tokens are given when a patient displays normal behaviour, tokens can be swapped for rewards of the patients choice

30
Q

what type of reinforcers are tokens

A

secondary

31
Q

what type of reinforcers are rewards

A

primary

32
Q

evaluation of CBT as a treatment of schizophrenia

A
  1. STRENGTH: nice et al - CBT reduces relapse rates and increases social functioning
  2. (counter) LIMITATION: patients used in nice’s study were also using antipsychotics and so we don’t know what caused the reduction in relapse rates
  3. STRENGTH: tarrier et al - investiagated 87 patients with schizophrenia, some treated by antipsychotics and some antipsychotics and CBT - results = CBT group had fewer symptoms of schizophrenia
  4. (counter) LIMITATION: cost - it is expensive to give drug treatment and CBT to patients so it is likely they would only get one type of treatment not both
33
Q

evaluation of family therapy as a treatment of schizophrenia

A
  1. STRENGTH: Pharoah et al - reviewed 53 studies of family therapy and found that the therapy helped patients to understand their illness resulting in reduced relapse rates
  2. LIMITATION: Garety et al - compared family therapy and carers with no family therapy. The carers group had low relapse rates due to the carers expressing less EE.
34
Q

evaluation of token economy as a treatment of schizophrenia

A
  1. STRENGTH: Dickerson et al - 11/13 studies reported beneficial effects due to the treatment of increasing adaptive behaviours in a psychiatric setting.
  2. LIMITATION: ethical concerns - bad for the doctors to restrict certain food, privacy and enjoyable activities until patients show desirable behaviours
35
Q

what hormone is used in typical antipsychotics

A

dopamine

36
Q

what are dopamine antagonists

A

they reduce the action of dopamine

37
Q

how do dopamine antagonists work

A

by blocking dopamine receptors in the synapses in the brain, reducing the action of dopamine

38
Q

what effect does chlorprozamine have

A

it as a sedation effect - t is also used to calm anxious patients when they are first admitted to hospital.

39
Q

what neurotransmitters do atypical psychotics target

A

dopamine and serotonin

40
Q

how does clozapine improve mood

A

clozapine binds to dopamine, serotonin and glutamate receptors. it reduces anxiety and depression in patients as well as improving cognitive functioning

41
Q

what is the difference between clozapine and risperidone

A

risperidone is safer

Psychology (12 decks)

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