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Psychology > Attachment paper 1 > Flashcards

Attachment paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of caregiver interactions

A

Attachment and reciprocity

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2
Q

What does attachment mean

A

An emotional bond between two people

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3
Q

What does reciprocity mean

A

When two people take turns to interact with one another

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4
Q

What is interactional synchrony

A

When two people carry out the same action simultaneously

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5
Q

Evaluation of caregiver interactions

A
  • STRENGTH of reciprocity: tronik still face - mother and baby interact then mother stops interacting and baby is distressed
  • STRENGTH of is: meltzoff and Moore - adults and babies respond quick enough to sustain communication
  • STRENGTH of is: experiments on babies = no demand characteristics as the baby can’t guess the aims of the experiment
  • STRENGTH of is: Isabella et al - high levels of synchrony = better quality mother-baby attachment
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6
Q

Explain Schaffer’s research into primary attachments

A

Schaffer found that in only 3% of the time babies primary attachments are with the father, instead fathers were found to be secondary attachments

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7
Q

What did Schaffer suggest was the role of the father

A

The role of the father is to develop infants quality of play and their stimulation

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8
Q

What is the alternate argument to Schaffer’s explanation of the role of the father

A

That it is the level of responsiveness which triggers an attachment rather than the gender

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9
Q

Evaluation of the role of the father

A

LIMITATION: difference in psychologists research - cannot answer what is the role of the father
LIMITATION: social stereotypes - role of the father to be playful is an outdated stereotype

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10
Q

What are Schaffer’s four stages of attachment

A

Asocial stage, indiscriminate attachment, specific attachment, multiple attachment

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11
Q

What is the asocial stage of attachment

A

When babies don’t know the difference between humans and objects

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12
Q

What is the indiscriminate stage of attachment

A

Babies recognise and respond to humans

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13
Q

What is the specific stage of attachment

A

Babies show anxiety when mother leaves/strangers are around

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14
Q

What is the multiple stage of attachment

A

Babies can have multiple attachments

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15
Q

Briefly explain the procedure of schaffers stage of attachment experiment

A
  • 60 Scottish babies visited every month for a year and again at 18months.
  • measured stranger and separation anxiety
  • 25-32 week old babies = 50% show separation anxiety
  • by 40 weeks 80% have specific attachments and 30% multiple attachments
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16
Q

Evaluation of Schaffer’s stages of attachment

A
  • LIMITATION: lacks population validity (only Scottish babies)
  • STRENGTH: good external validity (babies observed in their home so it’s a real life setting)
  • STRENGTH: no demand characteristics (babies won’t guess aim of the experiment)
  • LIMITATION: bowlby states that before a child is 2 years of age they are only able to make one specific attachment as opposed to multiple
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17
Q

What was dollard and miller’s explanation for why babies form attachments

A

Babies form attachments to those who feed them

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18
Q

What does classical conditioning mean

A

Learning to associate two objects together with a response

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19
Q

What does operant conditioning mean

A

Learning to repeat behaviour, or not, depending on its consequence

20
Q

What are the four attachment stages in the learning theory

A
  1. Food (unconditioned stimulus) -> unconditioned response
  2. Mother (neutral stimulus) -> neutral response
  3. Mother (neutral+unconditioned stimulus)-> food -> happy baby (unconditioned response)
  4. Mother -> (conditioned stimulus) -> happy baby (conditioned response)
21
Q

Evaluation of learning theory

A
  1. LIMITATION: schaffer and Emerson - not who feeds you but who replies to your social releases
  2. LIMITATION: animal studies show food is not what cause attachments
  3. (Counter argument) STRENGTH: animal studies cannot be generalised to humans
  4. LIMITATION: attachments depend on reciprocity and interaction all synchrony
22
Q

What was bowlbys theory of attachment

A

That we can only make one attachment until the age of 5 and this is usually with the mother

23
Q

What does monotropy mean

A

That we form one attachment and this is important for the child’s development

24
Q

What and when is the critical period

A

When an attachment has to be formed before the child reaches the age of 2

25
Q

What and when is the sensitive period

A

When the attachment has to be continued until the child has reached the age of 5

26
Q

What are social releases

A

Babies are born with innate behaviours which attracts adults to them

27
Q

What is the internal working model

A

Mental representations we carry with us of our primary caregiver which help with with our later relationships

28
Q

Evaluation of Bowlby’s theory

A
  1. LIMITATION: evidence is mixed - Schaffer found some babies form multiple primary attachments as opposed to one
  2. STRENGTH: bailey et al - 99 mothers with poor attachments also had poor attachments with children (internal working model)
  3. LIMITATION: lacks temporal validity
29
Q

Briefly outline the strange situation experiment

A 
100 middle class American babies monitored
Mother baby and experimenter
Mother and baby
Mother baby and stranger
Baby and stranger
Mother and baby again
Baby alone
30
Q

What is stranger anxiety

A

When babies show distress when approached by an unfamiliar person

31
Q

What is separation anxiety

A

When a baby is distressed when separated from its attachment figure

32
Q

Evaluation of strange situation

A
  1. STRENGTH: no demand characteristics
  2. LIMITATION: lacks population validity
  3. LIMITATION: influence may be from babies temperament not their quality of attachment
  4. STRENGTH: bick: good inter rater reliability 94% agree on attachment type
33
Q

What is a secure attachment

A

Children who explore happily, have moderate stranger and separation anxiety

34
Q

What is avoidant attachment

A

Babies who show little reaction when caregiver leaves them or returns to them

35
Q

What is a resistant attachment

A

Babies who show high stranger and separation anxiety but resist comfort when reunited with caregiver

36
Q

What does institutionalisation mean

A

Children brought up away from their family in a government facility

37
Q

Briefly outline rutter’s experiment

A

3 groups of children 0-6months 6months-2years 2years+
165 Romanian orphans adopted to Britain
Physical, cognitive and emotional development tested
Compared to British children adopted at the same time

38
Q

Results of rutters experiment

A

IQ highest for group 0-6months = 102, IQ of 2years+ = 17

Children adopted after 6months showed disinhibited attachment (seeking attention)

39
Q

Evaluation of institutionalisation

A
  1. STRENGTH: knowledge e.g. Key workers have been brought into institutes
  2. STRENGTH: bucharest- 74% non institutionalised children = secure but 19% of institutionalised children secure in strange situation
  3. LIMITATION: lacks population validity
  4. STRENGTH: no confounding variables like war (British institutes in 40s)
41
Q

Briefly outline Lorenz experiment

A
  • geese eggs split into two groups
  • group 1=hatched with mother group 2=hatched in an incubator
  • all geese then mixed
  • those from incubators followed Lorenz
  • imprinting critical period = a couple of hours
42
Q

Briefly outline harlows experiment

A
  • monkeys left with model mothers
  • condition 1=wire model and food condition 2=soft model
  • monkeys proffered soft model and only went to wore for food
  • adults = monkeys angry and less sociable
43
Q

Evaluation of animal studies

A
  1. LIMITATION: animal ethics
  2. STRENGTH: practical application - comfort is needed for a good relationship
  3. LIMITATION: generalisability
44
Q

Briefly outline van ijzendoorn’s experiment

A
  • looked at secure, resistant and avoidant across countries as well as within countries
  • 32 studies, 15 in the USA
  • data was meta analysed
  • great Britain = most secure, Germany= most avoidant, Israel = most resistant
45
Q

Evaluation of cultural differences

A
  1. STRENGTH: large sample increases internal validity
  2. LIMITATION (counter) large sample but 15/32 USA = cannot be generalised
  3. LIMITATION: biased towards American culture as strange situation conducted in us
46
Q

Briefly outline later life relationships

A
  • based on your internal working model
  • love quiz 620 responses
  • section 1 current relationships section 2 general love
  • secure = good romance
  • avoidant = jealous
  • resistant = clingy
47
Q

Evaluation of later life

A
  1. LIMITATION: lacks population validity
  2. LIMITATION: social desirability bias
  3. STRENGTH: bailey - 99 mothers internal working model
  4. LIMITATION: ltm begins at 3 so cannot remember all relationships

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