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Attachment paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of caregiver interactions

A

Attachment and reciprocity

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2
Q

What does attachment mean

A

An emotional bond between two people

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3
Q

What does reciprocity mean

A

When two people take turns to interact with one another

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4
Q

What is interactional synchrony

A

When two people carry out the same action simultaneously

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5
Q

Evaluation of caregiver interactions

A
  • STRENGTH of reciprocity: tronik still face - mother and baby interact then mother stops interacting and baby is distressed
  • STRENGTH of is: meltzoff and Moore - adults and babies respond quick enough to sustain communication
  • STRENGTH of is: experiments on babies = no demand characteristics as the baby can’t guess the aims of the experiment
  • STRENGTH of is: Isabella et al - high levels of synchrony = better quality mother-baby attachment
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6
Q

Explain Schaffer’s research into primary attachments

A

Schaffer found that in only 3% of the time babies primary attachments are with the father, instead fathers were found to be secondary attachments

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7
Q

What did Schaffer suggest was the role of the father

A

The role of the father is to develop infants quality of play and their stimulation

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8
Q

What is the alternate argument to Schaffer’s explanation of the role of the father

A

That it is the level of responsiveness which triggers an attachment rather than the gender

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9
Q

Evaluation of the role of the father

A

LIMITATION: difference in psychologists research - cannot answer what is the role of the father
LIMITATION: social stereotypes - role of the father to be playful is an outdated stereotype

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10
Q

What are Schaffer’s four stages of attachment

A

Asocial stage, indiscriminate attachment, specific attachment, multiple attachment

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11
Q

What is the asocial stage of attachment

A

When babies don’t know the difference between humans and objects

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12
Q

What is the indiscriminate stage of attachment

A

Babies recognise and respond to humans

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13
Q

What is the specific stage of attachment

A

Babies show anxiety when mother leaves/strangers are around

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14
Q

What is the multiple stage of attachment

A

Babies can have multiple attachments

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15
Q

Briefly explain the procedure of schaffers stage of attachment experiment

A
  • 60 Scottish babies visited every month for a year and again at 18months.
  • measured stranger and separation anxiety
  • 25-32 week old babies = 50% show separation anxiety
  • by 40 weeks 80% have specific attachments and 30% multiple attachments
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16
Q

Evaluation of Schaffer’s stages of attachment

A
  • LIMITATION: lacks population validity (only Scottish babies)
  • STRENGTH: good external validity (babies observed in their home so it’s a real life setting)
  • STRENGTH: no demand characteristics (babies won’t guess aim of the experiment)
  • LIMITATION: bowlby states that before a child is 2 years of age they are only able to make one specific attachment as opposed to multiple
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17
Q

What was dollard and miller’s explanation for why babies form attachments

A

Babies form attachments to those who feed them

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18
Q

What does classical conditioning mean

A

Learning to associate two objects together with a response

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19
Q

What does operant conditioning mean

A

Learning to repeat behaviour, or not, depending on its consequence

20
Q

What are the four attachment stages in the learning theory

A
  1. Food (unconditioned stimulus) -> unconditioned response
  2. Mother (neutral stimulus) -> neutral response
  3. Mother (neutral+unconditioned stimulus)-> food -> happy baby (unconditioned response)
  4. Mother -> (conditioned stimulus) -> happy baby (conditioned response)
21
Q

Evaluation of learning theory

A
  1. LIMITATION: schaffer and Emerson - not who feeds you but who replies to your social releases
  2. LIMITATION: animal studies show food is not what cause attachments
  3. (Counter argument) STRENGTH: animal studies cannot be generalised to humans
  4. LIMITATION: attachments depend on reciprocity and interaction all synchrony
22
Q

What was bowlbys theory of attachment

A

That we can only make one attachment until the age of 5 and this is usually with the mother

23
Q

What does monotropy mean

A

That we form one attachment and this is important for the child’s development

24
Q

What and when is the critical period

A

When an attachment has to be formed before the child reaches the age of 2

25
What and when is the sensitive period
When the attachment has to be continued until the child has reached the age of 5
26
What are social releases
Babies are born with innate behaviours which attracts adults to them
27
What is the internal working model
Mental representations we carry with us of our primary caregiver which help with with our later relationships
28
Evaluation of Bowlby's theory
1. LIMITATION: evidence is mixed - Schaffer found some babies form multiple primary attachments as opposed to one 2. STRENGTH: bailey et al - 99 mothers with poor attachments also had poor attachments with children (internal working model) 3. LIMITATION: lacks temporal validity
29
Briefly outline the strange situation experiment
``` 100 middle class American babies monitored Mother baby and experimenter Mother and baby Mother baby and stranger Baby and stranger Mother and baby again Baby alone ```
30
What is stranger anxiety
When babies show distress when approached by an unfamiliar person
31
What is separation anxiety
When a baby is distressed when separated from its attachment figure
32
Evaluation of strange situation
1. STRENGTH: no demand characteristics 2. LIMITATION: lacks population validity 3. LIMITATION: influence may be from babies temperament not their quality of attachment 4. STRENGTH: bick: good inter rater reliability 94% agree on attachment type
33
What is a secure attachment
Children who explore happily, have moderate stranger and separation anxiety
34
What is avoidant attachment
Babies who show little reaction when caregiver leaves them or returns to them
35
What is a resistant attachment
Babies who show high stranger and separation anxiety but resist comfort when reunited with caregiver
36
What does institutionalisation mean
Children brought up away from their family in a government facility
37
Briefly outline rutter's experiment
3 groups of children 0-6months 6months-2years 2years+ 165 Romanian orphans adopted to Britain Physical, cognitive and emotional development tested Compared to British children adopted at the same time
38
Results of rutters experiment
IQ highest for group 0-6months = 102, IQ of 2years+ = 17 | Children adopted after 6months showed disinhibited attachment (seeking attention)
39
Evaluation of institutionalisation
1. STRENGTH: knowledge e.g. Key workers have been brought into institutes 2. STRENGTH: bucharest- 74% non institutionalised children = secure but 19% of institutionalised children secure in strange situation 3. LIMITATION: lacks population validity 4. STRENGTH: no confounding variables like war (British institutes in 40s)
41
Briefly outline Lorenz experiment
- geese eggs split into two groups - group 1=hatched with mother group 2=hatched in an incubator - all geese then mixed - those from incubators followed Lorenz - imprinting critical period = a couple of hours
42
Briefly outline harlows experiment
- monkeys left with model mothers - condition 1=wire model and food condition 2=soft model - monkeys proffered soft model and only went to wore for food - adults = monkeys angry and less sociable
43
Evaluation of animal studies
1. LIMITATION: animal ethics 2. STRENGTH: practical application - comfort is needed for a good relationship 3. LIMITATION: generalisability
44
Briefly outline van ijzendoorn's experiment
- looked at secure, resistant and avoidant across countries as well as within countries - 32 studies, 15 in the USA - data was meta analysed - great Britain = most secure, Germany= most avoidant, Israel = most resistant
45
Evaluation of cultural differences
1. STRENGTH: large sample increases internal validity 2. LIMITATION (counter) large sample but 15/32 USA = cannot be generalised 3. LIMITATION: biased towards American culture as strange situation conducted in us
46
Briefly outline later life relationships
- based on your internal working model - love quiz 620 responses - section 1 current relationships section 2 general love - secure = good romance - avoidant = jealous - resistant = clingy
47
Evaluation of later life
1. LIMITATION: lacks population validity 2. LIMITATION: social desirability bias 3. STRENGTH: bailey - 99 mothers internal working model 4. LIMITATION: ltm begins at 3 so cannot remember all relationships

Psychology (12 decks)

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