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Psychology > gender paper 3 > Flashcards

gender paper 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what type of theory is Kohlberg’s theory

A

cognitive

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2
Q

define maturation

A

the way in which we grow and develop throughout our life

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3
Q

define socialisation

A

the process in which we inherit social norms and ideologies

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4
Q

define universality

A

Kohlberg’s belief that all children will go through all the stages he outlined at the same ages

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5
Q

what is the first stage in Kohlberg’s theory

A

gender identity

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6
Q

what is gender identity

A

where you can correctly identify whether you are male or female

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7
Q

what age does gender identity happen

A

age 3-4

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8
Q

what is the second stage in Kohlberg’s theory

A

gender stability

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9
Q

what is gender stability

A

where children understand that their gender is permanent

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10
Q

what age does gender stability take place

A

age 4-6

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11
Q

what is the final stage in Kohlberg’s theory

A

gender constancy

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12
Q

what is gender constancy

A

where children focus on other peoples genders and begin to make gender related stereotypes

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13
Q

what are does gender constancy take place

A

6-12

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14
Q

evaluation of kohl bergs theory

A
  1. STRENGTH: Slaby and Fey research - children asked if they are male or female and could correctly identify
  2. STRENGTH: Thompsons research
  3. LIMITATION: self report technique - based off of assumptions
  4. LIMITATION: comparison to gender schema theory - Martin and Little research
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15
Q

define what is meant by sex

A

whether you are genetically male or female

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16
Q

define what is meant by gender

A

a persons sense of maleness and femaleness which has been constructed by society

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17
Q

define what is meant by sex role stereotypes

A

a set of shared expectations of how men and women should behave/act/think

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18
Q

define what is meant by androgyny

A

having a high combination of both male and female characteristics

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19
Q

how many chromosomes are in the body

A

46

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20
Q

what does an egg chromosome look like

A

XX

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21
Q

what does a sperm chromosome look like

A

XY

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22
Q

what is the prenatal effect of testosterone

A

develops the right hemisphere of the brain first

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23
Q

what is the postnatal effect of testosterone

A

voice deepens, aggression

24
Q

what is the prenatal effect of oestrogen

A

develops the left hemisphere of the brain first

25
Q

what is the postnatal effect of oestrogen

A

menstrual cycle

26
Q

what is oxytocin effect on women

A

breastfeeding & fight or flight response

27
Q

what is oxytocin effect on men

A

fight or flight response suppressed by testosterone

28
Q

evaluation of the role of chromosomes and hormones

A
  1. LIMITATION: tricker et al - 43 males given an injection of testosterone or placebo but no difference in levels of aggression after 10 weeks
  2. STRENGTH: bruce Brenda David - biological sex influences behaviour not surroundings
  3. LIMITATION: BBD = idiographic research
  4. STRENGTH: Batista family - born with female anatomy until puberty due to a lack of testosterone
29
Q

what are examples of atypical sex chromosome patterns

A

kleinfelter’s syndrome and turner’s syndrome

30
Q

who does kleinfelters syndrome affect

A

males

31
Q

physical characteristics of kleinfelters syndrome

A

reduced body hair, breast development

32
Q

psychological characteristics of kleinfelters syndrome

A

poor language/reading skills

33
Q

who does turners syndrome affect

A

females

34
Q

physical characteristics of turners syndrome

A

no menstrual cycle

35
Q

psychological characteristics of turners syndrome

A

advanced reading skills

36
Q

evaluation of atypical sex chromosome patterns

A
  1. STRENGTH: practical application - 87 individuals with kleinfelters syndrome at an early age and had early treatments had more benefits
  2. LIMITATION: socially sensitive to label people as atypical
  3. STRENGTH: biologival determinism: we know the cause meaning we are able to create treatments
  4. LIMITATION: idiographic research - individual differences
37
Q

define identification in terms of gender

A

choosing your same sex parent to be your role model

38
Q

define internalisation in terms of gender

A

copying the same sex parents behaviour

39
Q

briefly explain the Oedipus complex in terms of gender

A
  1. age 3-4 boys desire their mothers sole attention
  2. dad becomes the rival, child fears castration and wants to eliminate the dad
  3. boy then identifies with dad and internalises dads behaviour
40
Q

evaluation of the psychodynamic explanation of gender

A
  1. STRENGTH: little Hans - nightmare of horses
  2. LIMITATION: little Hans = idiographic research - we don’t know if little Hans recalled dreams accurately
  3. LIMITATION: beta bias - Electra complex based off of oedipus
  4. LIMITATION: green studied 37 children in non-nuclear families and only found 1 not to have a typical gender identity
41
Q

define vicarious reinforcement in terms of gender

A

observing the consequences of a role models behaviour

42
Q

define meditational processes in terms of gender

A

attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivation

43
Q

define direct reinforcement in terms of gender

A

whether you are rewarded or punished for behaviour

44
Q

evaluation of the SLT explanation of gender

A
  1. STRENGTH: bobo doll - girls copied female role model, boys copied male role model
  2. LIMITATION: biological better - difference in aggression levels not explained in SLT
  3. STRENGTH: Perry&bushey - video of male/female eating fruit - later when given a choice of fruit they copied what they had observed their role models eating
45
Q

list people who influence our gender behaviour

A

family, friends

46
Q

what is the medias role on gender behaviour

A

media gives children role models, it portrays gender stereotypes.

47
Q

what happens to children who are exposed to the media

A

they show strong gender stereotypes

48
Q

evaluation of media influence on gender

A
  1. STRENGTH: williams - showed children tv for the first time, two years later they had become more stereotypical
  2. LIMITATION: confounding variables - children not monitored so things like the radio could have affected the gender stereotype level
49
Q

what is the definition and example of a collectivist culture

A

working together eg china

50
Q

what is the definition and example of an individualistic culture

A

independent eg UK

51
Q

evaluation of culture influence on gender

A
  1. STRENGTH: meads cultural differences - 3 tribes: Arapesh = males&females gentle, Mundugumor = males&females aggressive, tchambuli = women dominant, males emotionally weak
  2. LIMITATION: mead faked results
52
Q

define gender identity disorder

A

a condition where there is a mismatch between their biological sex and their gender identity

53
Q

what is the BSTc theory

A

an area of the brain where the size refers to gender identity as opposed to sex

54
Q

who has larger BSTc’s

A

males by 40%

55
Q

evaluation of BSTc

A
  1. STRENGTH: post mortars - people who had changed from male to female showed to have female sized BSTc
  2. LIMITATION: validity - hormones affect the size of BSTc
56
Q

what is the psychoanalytical explanation if atypical gender development

A

child has severe separation anxiety, child creates a symbiotic fusion with the mother and then identifies with them, child then wants to become them

57
Q

evaluation of social influences of atypical gender development

A
  1. STRENGTH: zucker et al -115 boys concerned with their gender identity = 64% also diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder
  2. LIMITATION: rekey believes it is the absence of the father which results in GID

Psychology (12 decks)

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