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Psychology > issues and debates paper 3 > Flashcards

issues and debates paper 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is meant by reductionism

A

reducing things to their simplest form/basic units

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2
Q

what are the 2 types of reductionism

A

biological and environmental

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3
Q

what are levels of explanation

A

the notion that there are different ways to explain the same phenomena

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4
Q

what is biological reductionism

A

human behaviour can be explained through through genetics

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5
Q

what is environmental reductionism

A

a stimulus-response - our behaviour can be explained through what we observe

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6
Q

evaluation of reductionism

A
  1. STRENGTH: biological explanations of OCD

2. LIMITATION: misses complexity of human behaviour

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7
Q

what does holism refer to

A

looking at behaviour as a whole

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8
Q

evaluation of holism

A
  1. STRENGTH: humanistic approach

2. LIMITATION: not scientific enough

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9
Q

compromise to holism and reductionism

A

start by looking at behaviour through reductionism then build to holism

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10
Q

what is meant by free will

A

that we have the power to make/choose our own behaviours

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11
Q

evaluation of free will

A
  1. STRENGTH: locus of control

2. LIMITATION: not scientific enough

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12
Q

what is meant by determinism

A

the belief that our behaviours are already preprogrammed and we have no control over them

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13
Q

what are the 5 types of determinism

A

hard, soft, psychic, biological and environmental

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14
Q

what is hard determinism

A

belief that free will is impossible as internal and external factors control our behaviour

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15
Q

what is soft determinism

A

behaviour can be determined by our conscious choices

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16
Q

what is biological determinism

A

behaviour is caused by biological influences that we cannot control

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17
Q

what is environmental determinism

A

behaviour is caused by rewards and punishments that we cannot control

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18
Q

what is psychic determinism

A

behaviour is caused by unconscious conflicts that we cannot control

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19
Q

what does causal explanation mean in terms of determinism

A

every behaviour has a a cause and that causes can be explained by general laws

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20
Q

what are the psychologist’s names who believe in the nature argument

A

nativists

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21
Q

what do nativists believe about behaviour

A

that all behaviour is innate

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22
Q

what does innate mean

A

pre-programmed since birth

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23
Q

evaluation of the nature argument

A
  1. STRENGTH: neural and hormonal explanations of aggression

2. LIMITATION: twin studies - confounding variables

24
Q

what are the psychologist’s names who believe in the nurture argument

A

empiricists

25
Q

what do empiricists believe about behaviour

A

that we are born knowing no behaviours and that we learn behaviour through experience

26
Q

evaluation of the nurture argument

A
  1. STRENGTH: behaviourist approach

2. LIMITATION: twin studies are less scientific

27
Q

what does idiographic mean

A

a case study that is distinct from general laws

28
Q

what type of data does idiographic research create

A

qualitive

29
Q

how is idiographic research collected

A

self-report techniques

30
Q

evaluation of idiographic research

A
  1. STRENGTH: HM - memory

2. LIMITATION: individual differences - lacks population validity

31
Q

what does nomothetic mean

A

general laws that can apply to a study or theory

32
Q

what type of data does nomothetic research give

A

quantitive

33
Q

what does nomothetic research allow us to do

A

create general laws of behaviour

34
Q

evaluation of nomothetic research

A
  1. STRENGTH: a meta-analysis - van izendorn

2. LIMITATION: cannot explain everyone

35
Q

what is the compromise to nomothetic and idiographic

A

start nomothetic then go idiographic

36
Q

what is a cultural bias

A

judging people based off of the expectations of your own culture

37
Q

what is ethnocentrism

A

judging other cultures from your culture and seeing your expectations as the norm

38
Q

what is cultural relativism

A

the belief that all cultures have different beliefs and that no cultures are superior

39
Q

what is universality

A

where a theory can apply to all, regardless of culture or gender

40
Q

strength of cultural bias

A
  1. STRENGTH: strange situation
41
Q

why is cultural bias a problem

A

creates discrimintation in the strange situation

42
Q

why is cultural bias not a problem

A

universal features - social releases

43
Q

compromise to cultural bias

A

use all cultures in studies

44
Q

what is alpha bias

A

when differences between males and females are exaggerated

45
Q

what is beta bias

A

when differences between males and females are minimised

46
Q

what is androcentrism

A

when behaviours are judged from a male standard

47
Q

what is a strength of alpha bias

A

monotropic theory

48
Q

what is a strength of beta bias

A

kholberg theory

49
Q

what is a strength of androcentrism

A

asch

50
Q

why is gender bias an issue

A

creates discrimination against females

51
Q

why is gender bias not a problem

A

there are universal features

52
Q

what is the compromise to gender bias

A

use both sexes in experiments

53
Q

what does ethical implications mean

A

when publishing research can cause problems for specific groups of people

54
Q

strength of ethical implications

A

role of the father

55
Q

why are ethical implications a problem

A

discrimination - IQ test led to steralisation

56
Q

why are ethical implications not a problem

A

tries to reduce stigma around minority groups

57
Q

compromise to ethical implications

A

make participants anonymous

Psychology (12 decks)

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