Memory paper 1

Question 1

What is the duration of the short term memory

Answer 1

18-30 seconds

Question 2

what is the duration of the long term memory

Answer 2

unlimited

Question 3

what is the capacity of the short term memory

Answer 3

7+-2

Question 4

what is the capacity of the long term memory

Answer 4

unlimited

Question 5

what is the coding of the short term memory

Answer 5

acoustically

Question 6

what is the coding of the long term memory

Answer 6

semantically

Question 7

What is Baddeley’s research (hint: coding)

Answer 7

two groups: 1. acoustically 2. semantically

acoustic group had the worst recall so acoustic is the coding for short term memory

Question 8

what was Miller’s research (hint: capacity)

Answer 8

He observed things come in sevens eg seven days of the week. he found the span of the short term memory is 7 items (+-2) but can be improved by chunking

Question 9

what was peterson and petersons research (hint: duration)

Answer 9

24 students given syllables to remember and a 3 digit number to count backwards from for different intervals.
Smaller intervals (3) = 80% recalled
larger intervals(18) = 3% recalled 
means that short term memory duration = 18-30 secs

Question 10

what was Bahrick’s research

Answer 10

Americans aged between 17-74 had to do two tests
1. recognition test of photos from their yearbook
2. free recall of listening to names from yearbook
after 48 years photos better than free recall = duration unlimited

Question 11

Evaluation of coding capacity and duration

Answer 11

1.

Question 12

Name the main parts of the multi store model of memory

Answer 12

stimulus, sensory store, short term memory, long term memory

Question 13

what is the duration, capacity and coding of the sensory register

Answer 13

duration: Very small
Coding: depends on sense
Capacity: high

Question 14

what is the transfer from the sensory register to the short term memory

Answer 14

attention

Question 15

what is the transfer between the short term memory and long term memory

Answer 15

Maintenance rehearsal

Question 16

Evaluation of the msm

Answer 16

1. LIMITATION: craik and watkins (created wmm) argued there are 2 types of rehearsal: maintenance & elaborative. elaborative is needed for the long term memory
2. STRENGTH: STM and LTM are shown to be different stores (baddeley suggests coding is different for the STM and the LTM)
3. LIMITATION: the STM is shown to be only one store but the WMM splits the STM into different stores
4. LIMITATION: the LTM is shown to be only one store when we know we have an episodic and semantic LTM

Question 17

What are the three types of long term memory

Answer 17

episodic, semantic, procedural

Question 18

what is episodic memory

Answer 18

episodic memories are your personal events from your lives

Question 19

what is semantic memory

Answer 19

semantic memories are knowledge of the world memories

Question 20

what is procedural memory

Answer 20

procedural memories are memories of actions or skills

Question 21

Evaluation of types of long term memory

Answer 21

1. STRENGTH: tulving - memory tasks carried out whilst the brain was scanned showing semantic to be in the frontal lobe and episodic in the temporal lobe
2. STRENGTH: clinical studies - Clive wearing’s episodic memory was damaged but he could still play the piano showing his procedural memory was not damaged
3. LIMITATION: clinical studies lack population validity
   4.

Question 22

Name the 4 parts of the wmm

Answer 22

central executive, visuo spatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, phonological loop

Question 23

what is the central executive

Answer 23

monitors memories and controls what part of the STM they go to. it has a limited storage

Question 24

Coding capacity and duration of the central executive

Answer 24

Coding = semantic and auditory 
Capacity = limited
Duration = short

Question 25

Coding capacity and duration of the episodic buffer

Answer 25

``` Coding = semantic and auditory Capacity = limited Duration = short ```

Question 26

Coding capacity and duration of the phonological loop

Answer 26

``` Coding = auditory Capacity = limited Duration = short ```

Question 27

Coding capacity and duration of the Visuo spatial sketch pad

Answer 27

``` Coding = visual Capacity = limited Duration = short ```

Question 28

Evaluation of the WMM

Answer 28

1. STRENGTH: Baddeley et al - participants struggled doing two visual tasks but could do a visual and a verbal task. uses different stores. evidence separate stores in the STM 2. LIMITATION: not enough detail about central executive, must be other details other than attention 3. STRENGTH: shallice and Warrington - patient KF struggled with verbal information bout could process visual information 4. LIMITATION: long term memory shown as only one store

Question 29

what is interferance

Answer 29

when we forget because we cant get access to memories even though they are available because two pieces of information are in conflict

Question 30

what is proactive interferance

Answer 30

when old memories interfere with new memories

Question 31

what is retroactive interferance

Answer 31

when new memories interfere with old memories

Question 32

when is interferance worst

Answer 32

when memories are similar

Question 33

What was McGeoch and McDonald's experiment

Answer 33

Participants had to remember a group of words. Each group had different words. Synonyms had the worst recall

Question 34

Evaluation of interference

Answer 34

1. LIMITATION: McGeoch = lab study - lacks ecological validity 2. STRENGTH: McGeoch = lab study - variables can be controlled 3. STRENGTH: baddeley&hitch - rugby players recall games depending how many games they'd played in between 4. STRENGTH: Tucking - groups given lists of words, recall fell as more lists had to be learned

Question 35

What does encoding specificity principle mean

Answer 35

If a cue is to help us recall information it must be present at encoding and retrieval.

Question 36

What are the two types of cue in retrieval failure

Answer 36

State (feelings) and context (location)

Question 37

Evaluation of retrieval failure

Answer 37

1. STRENGTH: godden and baddeley - when encoding and retrieval location the same = best recall 2. LIMITATION: godden and baddeley - field = no control of variables 3. STRENGTH: godden and baddeley - field = realistic setting 4. STRENGTH: carter and Cassidy - when encoding and retrieval done in the same state = best recall

Question 37

What are the two features of leading information

Answer 37

Misleading questions and post event discussion

Question 37

Briefly outline loftus and palmers experiment

Answer 37

- participants watch a video of a car crashing - then asked how fast the car was going with different verbs - hit, contacted, bumped, collided, smashed - contacted=31.8 mph smashed=40.5 mph

Question 37

Briefly outline gabberts experiment

Answer 37

- participants watch a video of a crime each from different angles - had a discussion after watching the video - 71% recalled information they wouldn't have been able to see from their angle - control group = no errors recall

Question 38

Evaluation of misleading information

Answer 38

1. LIMITATION: loftus = lab - no ecological validity 2. STRENGTH: loftus = lab - high internal validity 3. LIMITATION: zaragosa - eyewitnesses may not always know answers to questions but answer anyway as they want to be helpful 4. LIMITATION: lacks external validity - real eyewitnesses will try harder to remember information as it really can lead to a conviction

Question 40

Briefly outline johnson and scotts experiment

Answer 40

- Participants in a waiting room &listen to an argument in the next room - low anxiety condition: man walks through waiting room with a pen and grease in his hands - high anxiety condition: man walks through the waiting room with a paper knife covered in blood - had to pick man from 50 photos (higher recall from low anxiety)

Question 41

Briefly outline yuille and cutshall's experiment

Answer 41

- Real life crime experiment - 13 out of 1 witnesses agreed to participate - Interviewed 4-5 months after crime - Results compared to police interviews immediately after the incident - Those most stressed had the best recall

Question 43

What is weapon focus

Answer 43

Where people focus on the weapon only because it's a source of danger and anxiety

Question 45

Evaluation of anxiety

Answer 45

1. LIMITATION: pickel - used scissors, handgun, chicken and a wallet. EWT accuracy lowest with chicken as it is unusual. Accuracy depends on unusualness not danger 2. LIMITATION: field = lacks external validity (post event discussions can effect people's EWT) 3. LIMITATION: ethical issue creating anxiety 4. LIMITATION: yuille and cutshall - real life crime witnesses interviewed 5 months after the incident and recall was as accurate as straight after the event

Question 46

What are the four techniques used in a cognitive interview

Answer 46

Reverse order, reinstate the context, change perspective, report everything

Question 47

How does reverse order improve EWT

Answer 47

Reduces false information

Question 48

How does report everything improve EWT

Answer 48

Adds detail

Question 49

How does reinstate the context improve EWT

Answer 49

Adds cues to help witness recall information

Question 50

How does change perspective improve EWT

Answer 50

Adds detail

Question 51

Evaluation of cognitive interview

Answer 51

1. STRENGTH: Milne and bull - report everything and reinstate the context most important techniques 2. STRENGTH: konken meta analysis - 81% of witnesses provide correct information 3. LIMITATION: time consuming & need to be trained 4. LIMITATION: konken meta analysis - 61% of witnesses recalled incorrect information so police have to be cautious with all information