Social development

Question 1

Newborn preferences

Answer 1

Things that look like faces
Human speech over artificial sounds
Maternal language sounds and accent of maternal language

Question 2

When do babies develop emotional cues?

Answer 2

Within 6 months: able to recognise different emotions

Question 3

When can babies differentiate happy from sad?

Answer 3

36 hours from birth

Question 4

When do babies prefer to hear sounds that match the emotion of the face

Answer 4

5 months

Question 5

When do babies develop the social smile in response to facial cues

Answer 5

3 months

Question 6

When do babies respond to emotions, smile and laugh to someone they know e.g. mother

Answer 6

6 months

Question 7

When does joint attention start and the baby becomes more and more active in learning

Answer 7

6-18 months.
Joint attention is when you get the attention of the other person so you are looking at the same thing so you can talk about it - hence learn what the objects are called.

Question 8

What is contagious crying and when does it develop.

Answer 8

When they see an infant cry, they cry too. Argued that this is because of empathy.
3-6 months.

Question 9

What is social referencing and when does it develop?

Answer 9

Social referencing is exploring somewhere unfamiliar so the baby tends to look towards the mum’s face which will dictate whether its safe to move forward or not (e.g. if shes happy, move. Sad/scared, dont move)

Develops at 10-12 months of age

Question 10

What is the visual cliff paradigm?

Answer 10

Where a baby is on a table where one side looks solid and then theres a clear side (that looks like a cliff to a baby thats developed depth perception).

Infants are fearful if they have developed depth perception but will become increasingly fearful if the mum also looks scared. They will then consequently not cross the clear side of the table.

Question 11

What is scaffolding and when does scaffolding develop?

Answer 11

Building an infant’s knowledge through something that’s more difficult than what they know. E.g., Mothers can help infants with mental states (like desire) by talking about them - Do you want this apple?

Develops 6-18 months

Question 12

When do babies start to talk about their mental state e.g. I want apple

Answer 12

18 months

Question 13

When do all babies in western societies pass the mirror-self recognition test?

Answer 13

24 months

Question 14

When do babies start to talk about their thoughts e.g. I think I….

Answer 14

2.5 years

Question 15

When do babies recognise themselves in photos?

Answer 15

2 years

Question 16

When do babies recognise themselves in videos?

Answer 16

3 years

Question 17

What mental state is easiest for infants to grasp?

Answer 17

Desire

Question 18

When do babies develop a basic understanding that people might be different from themselves?

Answer 18

18 months: Have basic understanding of other peoples desires - scaffolded by primary caregiver

Question 19

When do babies understand that their desires might contradict other people’s desires?

Answer 19

18-36 months

Question 20

When do babies start to engage in prosocial behaviour?

Answer 20

6-18 months

Question 21

When do babies start to engage in helping behaviour?

Answer 21

14 months

Question 22

When do babies engage in sharing behaviour (WITH CUES)

Answer 22

18 months: needs cues e.g. can you share some

Question 23

When do babies develop sharing behaviour WITHOUT CUES

Answer 23

3.5 - 4 years

Question 24

When do babies engage in comforting behaviour

Answer 24

24 months

Question 25

Why is comforting behaviour the last prosocial behaviour to develop?

Answer 25

Since children cannot see internal states well. Comforting behaviour is where the baby shows empathy.

Question 26

When do babies develop theory of mind?

Answer 26

4 years

Question 27

What is theory of mind?

Answer 27

The ability to understand other people’s mental state and use it to predict subsequent behaviour.

Question 28

When do babies develop contrastives?

Answer 28

Contrastives are statements that contrast each other e.g. I love princesses but my brother doesn’t.

Develops 3-4 years

Question 29

How do you test theory of mind in regards to vision?

Answer 29

Visual perspective test
- hold puppet and test whether the child can see something. The puppet would not be able to see it though. The test is to see whether they understand that although they see it, that doesnt mean everyone else does.

This tests understanding in ‘seeing’

Question 30

How to test a childs understanding in knowledge (of theory of mind)

Answer 30

Appearance reality task
e.g. Receiving Nike shoebox as a gift, you expect shoes. But if you open it up and its chocolate cake. Adults understand that what we know might be different from what other people know (i.e we know that it has been tampered with)

Babies believe that if they don’t know something, then no one else does

Question 31

When do babies develop knowledge (in theory of mind)

Answer 31

4–5 years

Question 32

How to test babies’ understanding of beliefs in theory of mind

Answer 32

False belief test
- Sally puts marble in a basket and goes away. Anne then moves marble into box without Sally knowing. When Sally comes back, where will she look for the marble

Children around 42 months would say Sally should look in the box as they don’t understand that other people have different knowledge about something (i.e. they assume Sally has the same knowledge as them)

Children around 52 months would say Sally would look in the basket as they know Sally does not have the same knowledge as them

Question 33

Children who pass false belief tests earlier tend to be…

Answer 33

More popular. They seem to engage in prosocial behaviour since in order to be prosocial, you need to understand peoples, thoughts and feelings and knowledge (i.e. theory of mind).

Question 34

What is the negative to a more developed TOM?

Answer 34

More sensitive to criticisms.