Anxiety Flashcards
Anhedonia
Loss of interest
What does the cognitive behavioural model of depression suggest
That there are 2 reasons for depression. Behavioural due to the lack of positive reinforcement which feeds into learnt helplessness and Cognitive which are due to negative thoughts to self and future
Pessimistic explanatory style
Bad things are due to internal, stable, global factors.
Positive things are due to external random factors
E.g. I do well on an exam and get a good result, its because the exam was easy but if I do bad, I’m worthless and dumb
Treatments of depressive disorders
- SSRI
- Biological treatment
- Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
- Interpersonal therapy (IPT)
- Last resort: Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
2 key strategies with CBT
- Behavioural activation
- Cognitive restructuring
What is behavioural activation in CBT?
Targets loss of interest or pleasure. Set tasks to engage in the task that has had a loss of pleasure. Since exercise is associated with mood, usually exercise is included in homework. They will experience positive reinforcement because of this, hence result an improvement in mood.
What is cognitive restructuring in CBT
Catch thoughts that are contributing to thoughts of sadness and helplessness and evaluating it against the evidence for and against the likelihood of these thoughts being accurate
When are anxiety disorders viewed as clinically significant
2 key constructs: Distress caused and impaired functioning
3 systems of anxiety:
Cognitive, behavioural, physiological
12 month prevalence rate of Social Anxiety Disorder
7%
6 characteristics of specific phobias
- Extreme fear in response to stimuli
- Avoided or endured with anxiety
- Fear out of proportion to danger
- Lasts 6 months or longer
- Distress or interference
- Not explained by other illnesses
Between what ages are people most likely to get Social Anxiety Disorder?
75% of those with SAD get it between 8 and 15
5 Characteristics of Generalised Anxiety Disorder
- Excessive worrying
- Worry is uncontrollable
- Has to last 6+ months
- Must meet 3 out of 6 physiological symptoms e.g. muscle tension, restlessness
- Hypervigilance (the world is very dangerous, I need to be on the lookout)
What is the 12 month prevalence rate of GAD
0.9% in adolescents and 2.9% in adults
Characteristics of panic disorder
- Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks
- Involves 4 or more of the following symptoms; Palpitations, Pounding heart, sweating, trembling, sensations of shortness of breath, feeling of choking, chest pain, nausea, dizzy, chills or heat sensations, paresthesia (numbess), derealisation (detached from oneself), fear of losing control, fear of dying
- Must have had 1 panic attack followed by at least a month of either or both of the following: Persistent anticipatory Anxiety (concern about having another attack or the consequences of one) and/or a significant and problematic behavioral change e.g. avoiding exercise due to fear of causing panic attack
12 month prevalence of panic disorder
2-3%
Comorbidity
Person meets criteria for more than 1 diagnosis e.g. primary diagnosis as panic disorder and also major depressive disorder
How many people with a primary diagnosis of panic disorder will also meet major depressive disorder
10 to 65%
What is dutch courage
Courage gained through intoxication with alcohol to face feared situations
3 pathways fear develop?
- Direct experience
- Instructional learning
- Vicarious learning
Average remission rate for treating anxiety disorders with CBT
56.5%
How does psychoeducation treat anxiety
By educating the person on anxiety (that its normal and adaptable). Goes through cognitive behavioural model - thought leading to behaviour e.g. social anxiety leading to leaving a party. You’d work with the client to come up with a very personalised formulation or way of understanding how their anxiety has developed and is being maintained.
How does cognitive restructuring help with anxiety?
By identifying unhelpful thoughts. Having clients complete weekly thought diary. Evaluate for and against thoughts being accurate.
How does exposure help treat anxiety
Habituation - deliberately placing yourself in anxiety provoking situations. Desensitisation can be imaginal or in-vivo (literally placing yourself). Relaxation techniques are taught in conjunction with Desens - this will reduce anxiety response. Usually, in-vivo works best
How does exposure hierarchy help with fears
By setting goals to get over fears like a ladder - one step at a time. Link this with external reward system
