Social And Economic 1865-1890 Flashcards
What is mass immigration otherwise know as
The melting pot
Between 1860 and 1890, how many immigrants came to us and where from
10 million
Germans swedes Irish and Scots
What were the two factors for people to come to us
Pull to America
Push away from their homeland
What was a pull factor to America (4)
Statue of Liberty , idea of land of the free
Shipping companies encouraging immigration?
Urbanisation
Chinese recruited in to make railroads
What were made in large cities as a result of immigration
Districts such as China town
Nativism grew… what was it
A belief that people who parents born in US wanted to protect US from alien ways
What was the difference between new and old immigrants
Tension regarding housing and jobs
How was there a growth in aint Chinese feeling?
The yellow peril , media against the Chinese regarding the workers.
Brought in Chinese exclusion act
What was passed and when to limit Chinese immigrants
1882 - Chinese exclusion act which stopped them gaining citizen ship
What was the Grainger movement
Aim of bringing farmers together to promote agriculture and the community
What was the knights of labour
A nation wide trade union formed in 1869
By mid 1880s had over 100,000 members
What were social divisions in the 1865-1890 time period
Farmers and workers through Grainger Movement and K of labour
Female suffrage
Temperance movement (anti-alcohol)
What was established and when regarding women’s suffrage
1890
Americans women’s suffrage association
How was there a north vs east division
Industrialisation vs urbanisation
Great railroad strike 1877
How did the population differ in New York 1860-1890
Doubled
What was the new south
Dominated by divisions of African Americans and whites
AA uncertain to push for more change
New south same as old south ( 11 confed states felt alienated)
Still racial grudges against AA
What was the Wild West?
Rapid settlement due to government and ordinary people.
Treaties made between whites and native Americans
Railroads dominated
Land was scarred by war
How was their divisions between the native Americans and the white settlers
Whites destroyed Indian way of life
Native Americans confined to reservations
Poor white farmers felt pushed out from growing population of west
Reliant upon railroads for supplies
Granger movement a positive
How was life in the 1865-90 period for African Americans
Negatives
After comprise AA start to lose their legal rights, before was hope
Many became sharecroppers
Black codes segregated them
Grandfather clause lost right to vote
Lynchings common
What were the positives for AA during 1865-90 time period?
Many moved away from south and changed their surname
Got married
Set up churches and founded schools
3 AA university’s made
Who was booker T Washington
Headed the Tuskagee institute in Alabama in 1881-1915
Trained AA teachers but was a moderate and accommodated white supremacy.
What % of the population was rural 1865-90
Over 1/2
He did the farm population increase in 1865-90
From 10m to 25m
What was the homestead act 1862
Made thousands of acres of land available as free land to settle
How did railroads exploit homestead act of 1862 economically
Railroads bought land and sold it on as profit
How did technology advancements benefit agriculture economically
reapers and threshers encourages large scale agriculture which lead to a rise in exports
What was a negative for farmers during 1895-90 economically
Vulnerable due to the panic of 1873 because of too much speculation and banks failing
How was the economy in the north east
Expanding markets
Towns expanding
Railroads hugely important
Pittsburgh: shipping meat products cereals and tinned food to north east
How was the economy in the south
King cotton still ruled
Small farmers found it hard to buy land and some fell back into tenant farmers / sharecroppers
Oklahoma land rush 1889- railroads transporting people westward lending money taking crops as payments
In the west what was the population in 1865 to 1890?
760,000 to 6 million
What was steel important for in 1865-90
Ploughs
Barbed wire
Railroads
Rifles
How was the west a difficult place to live 1865-90?
Climate harsh Open to natural disasters Land dry Prices of goods fluctuated Years of drought after 1887
How did urbanisation effect the economy 1865-90
Cities grew creating new markets and business and job opportunities
How did standard oil form into a monopoly
Oil wells developed in west Pennsylvania
Small companies merged into standard oil
Ruled oil market and set prices
What did Andrew Carnegie run
US steel
What did John D Rockerfella own
Standard oil
Who was the biggest monopoly and individual for canned food
H.J Heinz
How did the panic of 1873 effect businessmen
5 year recession followed bankrupt businessmen which bigger businessmen bought their companies
When was the economy starting to pick up between 1865-90
1877
By 1865 how many miles of America covered by railroads
35,000
By 1893 how many miles were covered by railroad
200,000
What was a vital railroad line
New York central linking east coast to Chicago
What was the first transcontinental railroad and what year was it opened
Union Pacific 1869
How was the railroad boom chaotic?
Fierce competition
Bigger companies swallowed up smaller companies
Could make or break a town
Emerged as bullies of US business
Established local monopolies
Eliminated competition
Bought up huge amounts of land
Became wealthy and influential
How did steel / oil dominate the industry in 1880’s
Helped by technology , enabled mass production of good steel and high grade iron ore to sell
By 1875, how many tons of steel was produced by businesses
360,000 tones
How many main competitors did standard oil buy up?
22 out of 26
What is a corporation
Big business firms
What is a bill market
Share prices rising, confidence high
What is a bear market
Share prices falling, confidence low
What is cartelisation
Cartels formed to dominate market
What are “robber barons”
Rich who controlled business
What is antitrust legislation
People who wanted to push the government to break monopolies
