Foreign Policy 1920-1945 Flashcards
Extent of isolation 1918-1945
P1) 1918-1932
P2) 1932-1939
P3) 1939-45
What are the aims of the Treaty of the Versailles
“Make world safe for democracy” 14 points Self determination Free trade Disarmament LoN
Where the aims of the TOV achieved ?
TOV and LON not ratified due to harsh treatment of Germany
USA refused to cancel debt hence reparations from Germany
When was the TOV signed
28th June 1919
What were the successes of Wilson’s foreign policy
Stayed out of water until 1917
Mobilise the USA effectively
Some of 14 point adopted
LON established
What were the failures of WW foreign policy
Mexico revolution 1913 lead to US invading leading to 500 American deaths
supplying weapons lead to involvement in war
Allowed reparations in return for LON, USA was not a member
What was the change in foreign policy from the 1920s onwards
Change from intervention to isolation
Why did the American public reject the TOV and why did the USA not join the LON
What treatment of Germany as all 6.6 billion in reparations then in 1920 to 33 billion
USA weary of joining LON as could be dragged into protecting European imperialism
What were the consequences of America not joining the LON
LoN had ‘no teeth’
Lead to rise in aggression from Italy Japan and Germany
Reparations lead to collapse of Germany economy
How did the change from intervention to isolation affect economic policies
The mood of the time was isolationist look towards self-sufficiency Therefore tariffs on imported goods were high
Protectionism helped big businesses and capitalist this was a Republican policies
What were the consequences of America having high tariffs on imported goods
But I couldn’t reach retaliated by putting high tariffs on USA goods
This cut off trade links (isolated)
What was the tariff called that put a high tax on imported goods and when was it made
Fordney McCumber
1922
What were the reasons for immigration quotas
Huge influx of immigration during and after WW1
WASP America threatened by spread of new ideas from Europe for example Communist ideas
What were the consequences of the American immigration quotas
Interpretative as racist by other countries
Isolated USA from Europe even further
Between 1920 and 1945 which president were not isolation
Harding
Coolidge
Hoover
What were examples of intervention in the 1920s
Loans to Germany and extended reparations period (Dawes plan 1924 - young plan 1929
Disarmament conferences (Washington naval conference)
4/9 power treaty
Kellog Briand pact
What was the Dawes plan and when was it
1924
USA lends money to GR to save economy
GR pays France
FR pays US war loans back
What was the Washington Naval conference and when was it
1921 - 1922
Set limits on a ration for navies
What was the 4/9 power treaty
Accepted open door trade with China
What was the Kellogg-Briand pact and what year
1928
Rejection of war (up to 60 nations signed)
What was the good neighbour policy and who was it under
Non-intervention in Latin America as us would be a good neighbour and also interact with trade
FDR
What were the reasons for having the good neighbour policy?
Reduced involvement in Latin America signed 1933
Removed platt amendment - Cuba back to Cuba
What were the consequences of the good neighbour policy ?
Re-enforced isolationism
How did the nye committee influence isolationism and how many people agreed
Said that arms manufacturers were to blame for US getting involved in WW1
70% agreed
When was the nye committee
1934
What were the reasons for the 1935 neutrality act
Influenced by nye committee
Desire to prevent us from being dragged into war due to supplying weapons
Also Italy invaded Abyssinia
What were the consequences of the 1935 neutrality act
Us ban trade with any hostile countries
FDR warns us citizens not to travel on ships to hostile nations
What were the reasons for the 1936 neutrality act
Again after the influence of the nye committee, this time against supplying of loans to hostile counties
Also hitlers foreign policy seemed more like war
What were the consequences of the 1936 neutrally act
No us loans to hostile countries
1937 act also banned Americans to traveling on hostile nation ships
What was the reasons for the naval expansion act of 1938-39
Increasing hostility in Europe, fdr wanted to prepare USA for possible war
What were the consequences of the 1938-39 naval expansion act
20% increase in us navy
1939- $525 million for air defence granted
Us navy now same size as Germany / japan
What was a close call to America entering WW2?
Panay incident 1937
Japan sank USA gunboat off the coast of Korea - almost war but isolationist congress accept japans apology
3 ways America was not isolationist 1918-1939
Trade agreements with Haiti, Honduras , Brazil and Columbia
Conferences in Latin America
4th November 1939 cash and carry clause
What was the cash and carry Clause and when was it introduced
4th November 1939
Allowing president to make hostile counties pay cash for materials purchased from us and take them away in their own ships
What was the 1939 neutrality act
Allowed USA to sell to Britain but all goods have to be transported on British ships
When did FDR asked Congress for an increase in defence spending and how much
Jan 1940
$2billion
What did the increase in defence spending allowed to happen in preparation for World War II
The Manhattan Project
What was the Manhattan Project
Research and development done by America regarding nuclear bombs for World War II
How many votes did FDR win his third election by
5 million
What brought America closer to the war regarding Britain
FDR developing special relations with Britain and Churchill
What was the lend lease act of March 1941
FDR wanted to help Britain for that but neutrality act stopped him
In allowed US to lend lease ornaments supplies and food to the nation if US felt it was vital for their own security
What was Atlantic Charter August 1941
A meeting between FDR and Churchill after the Germans invaded USSR
Agreed-upon common aims regarding the war and agreed to share all secret intelligence
Who rallied against USA getting involved in WW2
Charles Lindbergh and isolationists
What were the reasons for Pearl Harbor
USA imposed economic sanctions and banned arms trade against Japan
2 million Japanese occupied China and Japan also invaded French Indochina in 1941
Japan saw the sanctions as provocation
When did the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor
Seventh of December 1941
What the consequences of Pearl Harbor
USA unprepared
Six battleships and 300 aircraft destroyed
2000 Americans killed
US aircraft carriers away at the time so were saved
FD are used the attack to ask Congress for support to declare war
When did Hitler declare war on USA
11th of December 3 days after Pearl Harbor 1941
When did USA declare war on Japan
Eighth of December 1941
The day after Pearl Harbor attack
How was FDR viewed during World War II
Prestige
Great statement
What changed about the federal government during World War II
It increased
$45 billion in taxes
$45 billion were borrowed
What was the battle of the president like in America during World War II
FDR had a little real political opposition
FDR won fourth term as president in 1944
Who was the military industrial superpower of the world
USA
How did the economy in the USA help the Allies
Financed the war for the Allies
How was unemployment in World War II
Decreased as millions of jobs created by the wall such as industrial jobs and food production
How did the federal government role towards businesses change during World War II
Increased control
Controls all the wages and prices
What happened to the car to me after World War II
Sparked a consumer boom post war
How did the defence spending increase from 1941-45
1941 $6 billion
1945 $64.5 billion
How did the US strong economy dictate Europe
Europe depending on US funds during the war
What were the US casualties compared to other countries from World War II
Low compared to other countries
What was a positive regarding the US about bombings
No US cities were bombed
How did living standards change regarding World War II
Went up not down
How did American culture change regarding World War II
Cultural life thrived including the popular entertainment
How did The war affect trade unions
They strengthened
How did the federal government help unions regarding Businesses
Firms excepted unions in return for no strikes and acceptance of wages
Did social mobility increase or decrease in World War II
Increase
How did agricultural workers move to benefit work
Moved to industrial areas
Especially African Americans
By 1944 what percentage of the workforce were female
36%
Did Racial tension increase or decrease during World War II
Increase
What was set up regarding fair employment
FECP
Fair employment practices commission
What was propaganda to get women to work
Rosie the riveter
How did entertainment change during World War II
Surge in mass entertainment
Who is an example of a star that used to entertain troops
Bob Hall
How was segregation in World War II
African Americans still segregated in the army
Many trade unions refused African Americans
Why would a more racial tensions
As African Americans migrated north
What was formed in order to reduce racial tension
CORE
Congress of racial equality
