Foreign Policy (+ww1) 1890-1920 Flashcards
Reasons and extent for expansionism 1890-1920
P1) presidents role
P2) economic/military
P3) social
extent of isolationism 1890-1920
P1) isolated yes
P2) isolated no
How did the new American foreign policy differ the old from 1890-1920
Expansionist, traditionally been defensive
What were the reasons for USA being expansionist?
End of frontier
Age of imperialism
Rise of nationalism
Who was pro imperialist people in USA 1890-1920
Theodore Roosevelt
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Senator Henry Cabot lodge (navy)
What were isolationist
Upheld monroe doctrine
Who were isolationist people of USA 1890-1920
William Jennings Bryan Anti imperial league Grover Cleveland Andrew carnegie Samuel grompers ( union leader)
What were the causes of the war with Spain and the Philippians
Cuban nationalist revolve against Spain and USA side with Cuba as Spain didn’t give Cubans a say
Cuba’s economy was dependant upon exports of tobacco and sugar to us
Cuba was strategically close to USA
American interest in Far East - Spanish had empire in Pacific
China unstable and rise of Japan
USS Maine blew up in Havana harbour feb1898
Started yellow press
What were the consequences against war with Spain and Philippines
Us annexed Spanish colonies in Caribbean and Pacific
Many of colonies were against Philippines ; violent and racial prejudice
1901 platt amendment claimed to protect Cuban independence from foreign intervention but allowed US involvement
Who wanted the Panama Canal
Theodore Roosevelt
How did the US get Panama Canal
TR sponsored series of uprising in Panama against Columbian rule facing them to accept Panama independence. Panama then negotiated terms for Canal Zone
How was China unstable in the Far East 1910
1910 boxer rebellion attacked foreigners in Beijing
What did us want with China
Open door trade
How did TR end the Russo-Japanese war
Free trade with China to make country stable as us scared of japan uprising
How did TR resolve tensions
Settled Alaska border dispute with Canada 1903
What was Roosevelt corollary?
Added to monroe doctrine saying us has the right to exercise as an international policing power in Latin America if cases of wrong doing
When was the Roosevelt corollary brought into reality
1904
What was dollar diplomacy?
Taft’s way of dealing with foreign affairs , would avoid intervention with using financial power instead
When was a case dollar diplomacy was used
In 1909 using Honduras’ debts to us to establish us financial control
When were unsuccessful times of dollar diplomacy
Haiti and Nicaragua as troops had to be sent to Nicaragua
How was China linked to the dollar diplomacy policy?
Used in China as J.P Morgan invested in railroads of China
How did Woodrow Wilson feel about dollar diplomacy
Rejected it as felt unethical
What characteristics did Woodrow Wilson have?
Peaceful
Pacifist
Ethical
What were the US policies when they entered WW1
Reinstated open door
Away from dollar diplomacy
Accepted new regime in China 1911 but sent marines into Mexico to restore order
How did Mexico link to the entry into WW1 for USA?
Fear of Mexican attack
How was US neutral in the start of WW1?
Naturally supported triple entente as more demographic , but Wilson promised neutrality as didn’t want foreign entanglements
What was Us’s beliefs towards military when WW1 broke out
Didn’t want a large national army
Didn’t like European colonialism
Because was had to be morally justified
German-US immigrants
How did the US enter WW1
Britain and France under huge economic strain
WJB resigned in 1915- TR & Cabot lodge pushing for involvement , not neutral as traded with GB and France
German war boat sank Lusitania
Germany Zimmerman telegram to incite Mexico into the war forced WW to declare war on Germany
Before US entered the war , how much did their trade rise with GB and FR ?
400%
When did US declare war on Germany
April 1917
What was the first wave of soldiers arriving into WW1
250,000 per month
What happened in January 1918
Woodrow Wilson issued 14 points ; principles of what peace should be issued after war
How did the America war effect the us economy?
Huge demand for manufactured goods / fuel supplies / food
GB + FR dependant on us loans and supplies
How did the war effect the us economy once in the war?
Huge infrastructure developments
Based needed for the us army
Liberty loans raised funds food and fuel
EXPORTS ROSE
FULL EMPLOYMENT
How was the post ww1 economy in America
Economy slowed down , brief recession 1921
How was post war peace gained ?
Woodrow Wilson dominated the paris peace conference in jan 1919 with his wilsonian idealism “ world safe for democracy”
What and when was the paris peace conference?
WW wanted to push his 14 points but clashes so WW backed down on many points.
But, treaties signed, borders decided and League of Nations created
How was there post war peace back in USA
There was divisions as 50,000 dead in war, many died from Spanish flu, public turned against European war , difficult to sell tov + lon to public
How was there divisions regarding the red scare?
Us patriotism grew through ww1, alongside it, grew the suspicion / hostility towards socialism. Nativeism grew ( kkk revives 1915)
What were the acts to root out ‘aliens’
Espionage act of 1917
Sedition act of 1918
Immigration act of 1918
Emergency quota act of 1921
What was the espionage act and when was it passed
1917
Mail could be seized and inspected, possible revolutionaries arrested
What was the sedition act and when was it
1918
Extended powers under espionage act = 1500 prosecutions (2/3 convicted including Eugene debs)
What was the immigration act and when was it
1918
Strengthens controls against immigrants
What was the emergency quota act and when was it
1921
Drastic limits on immigration
What was the red scare?
Oct / nov 1917, Russian revolution spread fear of communism spreading by immigrants from central / Eastern Europe
Which type of people were the Americans weary of from the red scare
Anarchist ma, terrorist , pacifist , militant trade unions , German Americans and recent immigrants
How did the effects of WW1 result in violence to businesses / govt cracking down on strikes
High inflation
Demobilisation
Rise in unemployment
Strikes such as 1919 60,000 workers on general strike in Seattle
Pittsburgh great steel strike lasted 3 months and resulted in violence
Post ww1, how did racial tensions change?
Grew, 20 race riots in 1919
What were the Palmer raids?
Us attorney general Mitchell Palmer was convinced of a real socialist threat - heightened by Bomb packages sent to public figures - therefore….
In nov 1919 Palmer justice dept raises offices of radical organisations across 12 cities
What were results of he Palmer raids
Dec 1919 249 radicals deported
Jan 1920 33 cities forced to close communist party HQ’s
Supreme Court cracked down on Palmer and he lost credibility as it lead to citizens trying to stop crime unofficially
What was the rate of dry congressmen by 1917?
2/3
How did the war change the views of prohibition
Strengthens the drys as was anti-German, Wilson and progressives were dry
What and when was the 18th amendment
1919- brought in the volstead act - enforces prohibition
Who supported prohibition from the suffrage groups
Women’s Christian temperance union
How was the position of AA at start of ww1?
Had high hopes - many volunteered to fight believing they would be rewarded with equality - they also moved north to work for the war effort in larger cities
At the beginning of ww1, how many AA moved north
330,000 flowed north towards Chicago and NYC
What was the position of AA post ww1
Came back with experiences and education - huge increase in NAACP membership
What is NAACP?
National associated advancement for coloured people
What was the treatment like of AA’s in the army?
Still segregated - treated inferior
Red summer 1919 racial tensions to riots
What was normalcy?
Return to the way of life before WW1
When did normalcy begin?
1919-1920
Huge change to policitics as progressivism and idealism towards political reaction towards internationalism and WW’s legacy?
Who won the majority 1920 elections?
Republicans
Why did republicans win the majority elections in the 1920
Long term reaction against immigration
Red scare
Pres candidate warren G Harding + Coolidge we’re calm and reasonableness with slogans - “law and order” “ America first “
Why did America return to isolationism after WW
War weariness
Domestic concerns more pressing
Committed isolationist made convincing speech ( senator william Borah)
Ww was exhausted , too stubborn,
What was the result of the 1920 election?
Republicans- they dominated since 1896 so back to republicanism - dems won southern states only
Was 1920 the end of progressivism?
Wilson’s ideas were rejected, Lon not been signed , neither had tov
Reps dominated both houses
Harding promised normalcy
How did progressivism not die after 1920
1924, Robert la Follette ran for pews and got 5 million votes, not until new dead and fdr did it return
