Soc Psy Flashcards
Final
Donald Study
Explores how priming affects perception.
Milgram’s Look-up in NYC Study
Investigated conformity in a real-world setting. Showed the influence of group size on conformity behavior in public spaces
Standford Prison Study
Demonstrated the power of situational factors and social roles in influencing behavior.
Discrimination Study
Examined the relationship between attitudes and behaviors. Highlighted the attitude-behavior inconsistency
Neuroimaging of Empathy and Faces
Investigated brain responses to faces and empathy through neuroimaging. Emphasized the biological basis of empathy.
Catharsis
Tested whether venting anger reduces aggression. Participants who vented anger were more aggressive afterward.
Physical Attraction
men prioritize appearance and women prioritize status/resources
Robber’s Cave Study
Boys were put into two groups in a summer camp and completed activities, leading to hostility. Cooperation was fostered when groups worked towards superordinate goals.
Bystander apathy and diffusion of responsibility
The presence of others reduces the likelihood of intervention due to diffusion of responsibility
Bystander effect
A person who is present at an event or an incident but does not take part
Van Straaten
Highlighted gender differences in courtship behaviors and the role of non-verbal communication in attraction.
Halo Effect
Attractive people are often perceived as more intelligent, competent, and likable
Matching Hypothesis
People are more likely to form relationships with those of similar attractiveness
Cultural Consistency
Certain features are universally considered attractive
Cost-Benefit Analysis
People Assess the rewards and costs of a relationship
Proximity
Closer physical distance increases the likelihood of liking
Reciprocity
We like people like us
Disclosure in forming new relationship
Sharing personal information fosters intimacy and trust
Hostile aggression
Motivated by anger, intended to harm
Instrumental aggression
Harm is inflicted to an end
Displacement
Redirecting aggression to a safer target
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
Frustration leads to aggression, especially when goals are blocked
Biological Basis
Aggression linked to genetics, brain structures, and hormones
Social Learning Theory
Aggression is learned through observing and imitating others, as demonstrated with the Bobo Doll Experiment
Hostile Attribution Error
The tendency to interpret ambiguous behavior as hostile
Culture of Horror
Cultures where personal or family reputation is prioritized, and aggression is used to defend
Operant Conditioning
Behavior is shaped by reinforcement or punishment
Classical Conditioning
Learning through association between a neutral stimulus and a response
The Contact Hypothesis
Prejudice can be reduced through intergroup contact, provided certain conditions are met: Equal status between groups, common goals, cooperation, support from authorities
Jigsaw Classroom
Students work in diverse groups, with each member responsible for a piece of the “puzzle”. Encourages interdependence and fosters positive interactions.
Conformity experiment
Demonstrated normative social influence: conforming to fit in, even when the group is wrong.
Obedience to Authority
Participants obeyed authority figures and administered fake shocks to others, even when they believed the shocks were harmful.
Social Facilitation
Found that people perform simple tasks better when others are present. Introduced the study of group effects on performance
Autokinetic Effect Study
Demonstrated informational social influence by showing that individuals rely on others in ambiguous situations to form judgements
Social Comparison
We evaluate our own abilities, opinion, and achievements by comparing them to others
Impression Management
Efforts to control how others perceive us
Actor-Observer Bias
We attribured our actions to situational factors but others’ actions to dispositional factos
Self-Serving Bias
We attribute successes to ourselves and failures to external factors
Heuristic
A mental shortcut for decision making
Bias
Systematic errors in judgement
Social Responsibility
A sense of obligation to help others in need
Fundamental Attribution Error
Overestimating dispositional factors and underestimating situational factors when explaining others’ behaviors
Foot in the Door Technique
Start with a small request to increase compliance with a larger request later
Door in the Face Technique
Start with a large request, then follow with a smaller one
Conformity
Adjusting behavior to align with group norms
Obedience
Following direct commands, often from an authority figure
Group Polarization
Group discussions lead to more extreme positions
Group Think
Groups prioritize consensus over critical thinking, leading to poor decisions INVOLVE A LEADER
Collectivistic Cultures
Value good harmony and interdependence
Individualistic Cultures
Value independence and personal goals
Effects of props on aggression
The presence of a weapon can increase aggressive thoughts or behaviors
Hate rhetoric for acts of aggression
Aggressive actions fueled by hate speech targeting specific groups
Ingroup
Groups we identify with
Outgroup
Groups we do not belong to, often viewed negatively
Stereotype Threat
Fear of confirming a negative stereotype about ones group can impair performance
Sex differences in helping
Men help in heroic or public scenarios while women are more likely to engage in long-term, caregiving forms of helping
Just-World Hypothesis
The Belief that people get what they deserve
Aversive Racism
Subtle, often unconscious forms of prejudice where individuals claim to be non-racist but act in discriminatory ways
Schemas
Mental frameworks that help organize information
Cognitive Dissonance
The discomfort from holding conflicting attitudes or beliefsD
Social Facilitation
Improved performance on simple tasks in the presence of others
Role of Serotonin in Aggression
Low levels of serotonin are associated with increased aggression
Oxytocin’s Role in Fidelity
A hormone that promotes bonding, trust, and social connection
Vasopressin’s Role In Fidelity
A hormone linked to pair and bonding and monogamous behavior, particularly in males
Mere exposure effect
Repeated exposure to something increases liking for it
Internal vs. External Locus of Control
Internal: Belief that one controls one’s own outcomes
External: Belief that external factors or fate control outcomes
Hardy Personality Trait
Resilient individuals who see stressors as challenges rather than threats. Include commitment, control, and viewing stress as an opportunity for growth.
