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Anatomy > muscle tissue > Flashcards

muscle tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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2
Q

Contractile tissues

A

muscle tissues are contractile tissues, they generate tension and movement

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3
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Most are attached to the bones of the skeleton by tendons, called muscle fibers, perform voluntary movements, multinucleate, and they are striated

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4
Q

Multinucleate

A

Each cell has more than one nucleus

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5
Q

Striations

A

Alternating light and dark bands that can be seen when muscle tissue is examined with a microscope

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6
Q

What are some functions of the skeletal muscle tissue?

A

Producing voluntary body movements, maintaining posture, breathing movements, and generating heat

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7
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Found only in the walls of the heart, responsible for the heartbeat, uninucleate, striated, action is involuntary, has intercalated discs

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8
Q

Uninucleate

A

One nucleus per muscle fiber

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9
Q

Involuntary actions

A

Contraction and relaxation is not consciously controlled

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10
Q

Autohythmicity

A

The built-in rhythm of the heart created by the pacemaker

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11
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Interlocking attachment sites between cardiac muscle fibers

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12
Q

Desmosomes

A

Cell junctions that firmly hold cardiac muscle cells together

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13
Q

Gap junction

A

Protein channels for electrochemical signals to pass from cell to cell stimulate the heartbeat

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14
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

Located on the walls of hollow internal structures, non-striated, spindle-shaped muscle fibers with one nucleus, involuntary control, move substances within the body, contraction of this muscle tissue can cause constriction and dilation

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15
Q

Peristalsis

A

the smooth muscle moves food through the gastrointestinal tract and produces a wave-like motion

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16
Q

Contraction of smooth muscles

A

causes constriction of blood vessels, which reduces blood flow and increases blood pressure

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17
Q

Relaxation of smooth muscle

A

walls dilate blood vessels, which increases blood flow and lowers blood pressure

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18
Q

Excitability

A

Ability to respond to nervous stimulation or electrical stimulation

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19
Q

Contractility

A

Ability to contract forcefully when stimulated. If enough tension is generated, the muscle tissue shortens and movement occurs

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20
Q

Extensibility

A

Ability to stretch without tearing

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21
Q

Elasticity

A

Ability to return to the muscle tissues’ original length after stretching or after contracting

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22
Q

What tissue types do skeletal muscles contain?

A

They contain all 4 primary tissue types.

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23
Q

Tendon

A

is a cord of dense regular connective tissue that attaches a muscle to the periosteum of the bone

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24
Q

Aponeurosis

A

is a broad, flattened tendon

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25
Q

Areolar connective tissue

A

Surrounds and protects individual muscle fibers

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26
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Surrounds bundles of muscle fibers called fascicles

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27
Q

Fascicle

A

A bundle of 10-100 muscle fibers within a muscle. Are held together by dense irregular connective tissue. Give muscle its “grain”

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27
Q

Deep fascia

A

Refers to the sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds groups of muscles and separates the muscles into functional compartments

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27
Q

Embryonic development

A

100 or more embryonic stem cells called myoblasts fuse to form a muscle fiber, making the muscle fiber multinucleate

28
Q

Satellite cells

A

Adult stem cells that develop from myoblasts and remain in mature muscle tissue

29
Q

Fibrosis

A

Replacing muscle tissue with scar tissue

30
Q

Hypertrophy

A

an enlargement of existing muscle fibers that result in muscle growth

31
Q

Sarcolemma

A

the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

32
Q

Transverse tubules

A

invaginations of the sarcolemma, tunnel in from the plasma membrane toward the center of the muscle fiber.

33
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

is the cytoplasm of the muscle fiber

34
Q

The sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum that encircles each myofibril

35
Q

Mitochondria

A

organelles that use nutrients and O2 to produce ATP energy for the cell. Several mitochondria lie close to the myofibrils and provide ATP energy for muscle contraction

36
Q

Sarcomer

A

the basic functional unit of a myofibril, extends from Z disc to Z disc

37
Q

Z discs

A

protein structures that separate one sarcomere from its neighboring sarcomeres on either side

38
Q

A band

A

the darker middle part of the sarcomere – thick filaments extend across the A bands

39
Q

H zone

A

the center of each a band, contains only thick filaments and no thin filaments

40
Q

M line

A

runs down the center of the H zone, the M line contains supporting proteins that hold the thick filaments in position in the H zone

41
Q

I bands

A

lighter bands on each end of the sarcomere contains only thin filaments

42
Q

Structural proteins

A

align the thick and thin filaments properly within a sarcomere, provide elasticity and extensibility for the muscle fiber, attach the myofibrils to the sarcolemma and connective tissue

43
Q

Contractile proteins

A

generate force during contraction and create movement

44
Q

Regulatory proteins

A

Switch the contraction process on and off

45
Q

Titin protein

A

connects a Z disc with an M line, titin can stretch to 4 times its resting length, and then recoil back to normal, titin accounts for much of the extensibility and elasticity of myofibrils and muscle tissue

46
Q

Dystrophin

A

a structural protein that attaches the myofibril to the sarcolemma and to the connective tissue around the cell

47
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

s recessive X-linked genetic disorder in which there is little or no dystrophin protein produced in the muscle fibers

48
Q

Thick filaments

A

made of myosin protein

49
Q

Thin filaments

A

Consists of primarily actin protein

50
Q

Actin

A

Provides myosin-binding sites where myosin heads can attach

51
Q

somatic motor neurons

A

nerve cells that stimulate skeletal muscle fibers to contract

52
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

a synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber

53
Q

synapse

A

a junction between neurons or between neurons and muscle fibers where a chemical signal is transmitted from neuron to neuron, or from motor neuron to a muscle fiber

54
Q

Axons

A

motor neurons branch into many axon terminals, which form neuromuscular junctions with individual muscle fibers

55
Q

Synaptic end bulb

A

the enlarged tip of the axon terminal of the neuron

56
Q

The synaptic cleft

A

a fluid-filled gap in a neuromuscular junction between the synaptic end bulb of the motor neuron and the motor end plate of the muscle fiber

57
Q

Acetylcholine

A

a neurotransmitter

58
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

a chemical messenger released by the motor neuron into the synaptic cleft, released by somatic motor neurons is acetylcholine

59
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

membrane-bound sacs inside the synaptic end bulb, the synaptic vesicles contain molecules of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

60
Q

Motor end plate

A

the region of the muscle fiber’s sarcolemma opposite the synaptic end bulbs within a neuromuscular junction, contains acetylcholine receptors

61
Q

Acetylcholine receptors

A

proteins embedded in the motor end plate, bind to acetylcholine

62
Q

Excitation

A

contraction coupling refers to the connection between excitation by a motor neuron and the contraction of the muscle fiber

63
Q

twitch contraction

A

a brief contraction of all muscle fibers in one motor unit in response to a single muscle action potential

64
Q

myogram

A

a graphical record of muscle contraction in response to electrical stimulation of the motor unit

65
Q

Latent period

A

a brief delay between stimulation by motor neurons and the beginning of the muscle fiber contraction

66
Q

Wave summation

A

Muscle fibers in the motor unit are stimulated before the muscle is completely relaxed, this creates stronger and stronger contraction in the muscle fiber = summation of the force of contraction

67
Q

Unfused tetanus

A

Muscle fibers are stimulated 20-30 times per second, partially relax between contractions, the result is a sustained but wavering contraction

68
Q

Fused tetanus

A

Muscle fibers are stimulated 80-100 times per second, and do not relax at all, resulting in a sustained contraction called fused tetanus

69
Q
A

Anatomy (20 decks)

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