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Anatomy > Exam 222 > Flashcards

Exam 222 Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue

A

A community of cells surrounded by tissue fluid and other materials

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2
Q

Histology

A

The scientific study of tissues

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3
Q

Pathologists

A

Medical doctors who specialize in the causes and effects of disease and injury and use laboratory study of cells and tissues from biopsies from medical diagnosis

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4
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers the body surfaces and organs; lines hollow structures; forms glands

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5
Q

Connective tissue

A

Protects, supports, and binds organs together

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6
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Responsible for movement

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7
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Senses change inside and outside the body and respond by generating nerve impulses that control movement and other processes

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8
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

A voluntary muscle that moves the body; an important in facial expression, maintaining posture and speech, and breathing movements

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9
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

An involuntary muscle found in the heart wall; contracts to create the heartbeat and pump blood through the blood vessels

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10
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

An involuntary muscle; constricts and dilates blood vessels and airways and creates movement in digestive, urinary, and other hollow organs

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11
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Makes up your brain, spinal cord, and nerves it contains nerve cells called neurons that generate electrical nerve impulses to sense and respond to stimuli, and to control muscle contractions and other processes

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12
Q

Covering and lining epithelium

A

Forms the outer covering of the skin and many internal organs, lines inside walls of body cavities, hollow organs, blood vessels, and ducts of glands

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13
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

Forms the secretory portion of the glands

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14
Q

What are the major functions of epithelial tissues?

A

Selective barrier that regulates the movement of materials in and out of the body, protection against abrasion and bacterial invasion, gas exchange absorption, filtration, and secretion of substances onto a body surface into an organ or into a duct of a gland

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15
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in either a single layer of cells or multiple layers of cells, closely packed together

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16
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

In epithelial tissue, it’s in the space that surrounds the cells

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17
Q

Apical surface

A

Faces the outside of the body, or faces the inside of a body cavity or the lumen of the organ, blood vessel, or duct

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18
Q

Lateral surfaces

A

Faces adjacent cells contain cell junctions that hold cells together

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19
Q

Basal surface

A

Located at the bottom of the epithelial tissue attached to the basement membrane

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20
Q

Where does the epithelium sit

A

A foundation of connective tissue

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21
Q

Basement membrane

A

A thin extracellular protein layer that attaches the epithelium to the underlying connective tissue

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22
Q

Cell junctions

A

The contact point between the plasma membranes of cells within a tissue made of proteins or glycoproteins

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23
Q

Capillaries

A

Tiny blood vessels in the underlying vascular connective tissue

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24
Q

How are epitheliums classified

A

The number of cell layers and the shape of the cell

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25
Q

Simple epithelium

A

A single layer os cells that function diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, or absorption

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26
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

Two or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissues in areas of physical or chemical abrasion

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27
Q

Squamous cells

A

Thin, nearly flat cells, arranged like floor tiles, flattened disk-shaped nuclei; allow for rapid passage of substances - diffusion, gas exchange, filtration

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28
Q

Cuboidal cells

A

As tall as they are wide, shaped like cubes, spherical nucleus

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29
Q

Columnar cells

A

Much taller than they are wide, like columns; may have cilia or microvilli on the apical surface

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30
Q

Secretion

A

The production and release of a useful substance by the cell

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31
Q

Absorption

A

The uptake of useful substances by a cell

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32
Q

Filtration

A

The movement of a fluid through a filter to produce a filtrate

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33
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Found in tubules of the kidneys and ducts of the pancreas functions in secretion and absorption; used for re-absorption of water salts and nutrients from filtrate in the tubules of the kidneys

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34
Q

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

In the fallopian tubes

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35
Q

Cilia

A

Helps move the ovulated egg toward the uterus

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36
Q

Goblet cells

A

Produce mucus which keeps the epithelium and the egg moist

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37
Q

Non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

No cilia on the apical surface - but there are microvilli on the apical surface that increase surface area for the absorption of nutrients in the small intestines

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38
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

It appears to have several layers due to nuclei at various depths - but it is only a single layer of epithelial cells

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39
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

Consists of two or more layers of epithelial cells

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40
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Consists of several layers of cells that are flat layers, found in high abrasion areas of the body

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41
Q

Keratinized

A

The stratified squamous epithelium contains the fibrous, tough protein

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42
Q

Non-keratinized

A

Stratified squamous epithelium does not contain keratin protein

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43
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Is an uncommon type of epithelium; protects deeper tissues from glandular secretion in ducts

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44
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A

very uncommon, functions in protection

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45
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Found only in the urinary system

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46
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

Makes up the secretory tissue of glands

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47
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete their products into ducts

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48
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Ductless glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream, hormones are chemical messengers that alter the physiology of their target cells

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49
Q

Connective tissue

A

Is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body

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50
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

Binds tissues together, supports and strengthens tissues and organs, protects internal organs, insulates internal organs from head loss and provides energy reserves for compartmentalized structures and organs, transports substances, Immune response

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51
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

The material located between cells in the connective tissue

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52
Q

Ground substance

A

The component of extracellular matrix that surround the cells and protein fibers in the tissue

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53
Q

Hyaluronic acid

A

A viscous, slippery substance found in many connective tissues, as well as inside the eyeball and in joints

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54
Q

Chondroitin sulfate

A

A rubbery substance that provides support in cartilage

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55
Q

What are the 3 types of protein fibers?

A

Collagen, Elastic, Reticular

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56
Q

Collagen Fibers

A

Contains collagen protein, collagen is strong and found in most collective tissues, often found in collagen bundles

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57
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Called yellow fibers 0 a high concentration of elastic gibers gives connective tissues a yellow color, provide stretch and elasticity to tissues

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58
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Forms a fine, branching network of collagen fibers, gives support and strength to soft connective tissues

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59
Q

Embryonic connective tissue

A

Mesenchyme, mucous connective tissue

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60
Q

Mature connective tissue

A

Loose connective tissues, Dense connective tissues, cartilage, bone tissue, liquid connective tissues

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61
Q

Mesenchymal cell

A

embryonic connective tissue stem cell

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62
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Embryonic connective tissue stem cells

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63
Q

Reticular fiber

A

In the mesenchyme provides support to the tissue

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64
Q

Areolar connective tissue

A

One of the most widely distributed connective tissues in the body

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65
Q

Fibroblasts

A

The most common cell type in the areolar connective tissue, secretes protein fibers and components of ground substance in the connective tissue matrix

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66
Q

Macrophages

A

Large white blood cells that engulf bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytic

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67
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

forms strong attachment structures; tendons and most ligaments

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67
Q

Elastic connective tissue

A

Contains sheets of elastic fibers

68
Q

Cartilage

A

A dense network of collagen or elastic fibers firmly embedded in a rubbery ground substance

69
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

The most abundant cartilage in the body, is avascular

70
Q

Osteocytes

A

Bone cells that are in lacunae in the bone

71
Q

Bone tissue

A

Is vascular and has a nerve supply found in tiny canals in the bone

72
Q

Blood tissue

A

Fluid connective tissues with liquid extracellular matrix called blood plasma

73
Q

White blood cells

A

Fight disease

74
Q

Red blood cells

A

Carry oxygen

75
Q

Platelets

A

Function in blood clotting

76
Q

Lymph

A

Excess fluid from tissues is absorbed into lymphatic vessels and eventually returned to the bloodstream

77
Q

Membranes

A

Flat sheets of pliable tissues that cover or line a part of the body

78
Q

Epithelial membranes

A

A combination of the epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer

79
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Lines joints and contains connective tissue but not epithelium

80
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Line the body cavities that open at some point to the outside

81
Q

Serous membranes

A

Line the body cavities that do not open to the outside

82
Q

Parietal

A

Serous membrane lines cavities around the lungs and heart, and lines the abdominal cavity

83
Q

Visceral

A

The serous membrane covers the organs that lie within the chest and abdominal cavities

84
Q

Supine position

A

The body lying face up

85
Q

Prone position

A

The body lying face down

86
Q

Anatomical terms

A

Cephalic, Cervical, Trunk, upper limbs, lower limbs, acromial, and pectoral

87
Q

Cephalic

A

Head

88
Q

Cervical

A

Neck

89
Q

Trunk

A

Chest, abdomen, and pelvis

90
Q

Upper limbs

A

Shoulder, armpit, arm, and hands

91
Q

Lower limbs

A

Buttocks, hip, thigh, leg, ankle, and foot

92
Q

Acromial

A

The top of the shoulder

93
Q

Pectoral

A

Anterior chest

94
Q

Anterior

A

Front

95
Q

Posterior

A

Back

96
Q

Superior

A

Above

97
Q

Inferior

A

Below

98
Q

Midline

A

An imaginary line that divides the body into equal right and left sides

99
Q

Medial

A

Closer to the midline

100
Q

Lateral

A

Farther from the midline

101
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk

102
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk

103
Q

Superficial

A

Closer to the surface of the body

104
Q

Deep

A

Deeper inside the body

105
Q

Intermediate

A

Between two structures

106
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body

107
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite sides of the body

108
Q

Sagittal plane

A

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides

109
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

Divide the body or organ into equal right and left sides

110
Q

Parasagittal plane

A

Divide the body or organ into unequal right and left sides

111
Q

front or coronal plane

A

Divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior

112
Q

Transverse or horizontal plane

A

Divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions

113
Q

Cranial cavity

A

Surrounded by the cranial bones

114
Q
A
115
Q

Vertebral canal

A

Surrounded by cranial bones

116
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Is also called the chest cavity

117
Q

Diaphragm

A

A dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

118
Q

What are the 3 cavities in the thoracic cavity?

A

Pleural, mediastinum, and pericardial

119
Q

Pleural cavities

A

The lungs fill up most of these spaces

120
Q

Mediastinum

A

Medial to the lungs contains a pericardial cavity

121
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Located within the mediastinum, the heart fills up most of the pericardial cavity space

122
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

The cavity inferior to the diaphragm

123
Q

Serous membrane

A

A thin slippery membrane covers the viscera and lines the cavity’s walls

124
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

The cavity surrounded by the parietal peritoneum

125
Q

Synovial cavities

A

Cavity in moveable joints

126
Q

Synovial cavities

A

Cavity in moveable joints

127
Q

Cranial

A

Head

128
Q

Facial

A

Face

129
Q

Cephalic

A

Head

130
Q

Frontal

A

Forehead

131
Q

Temporal

A

Temple

132
Q

Orbital or ocular

A

Eye

133
Q

Otic

A

Ear

134
Q

Buccal

A

Cheek

135
Q

Nasal

A

Nose

136
Q

Oral

A

Mouth

137
Q

Mental

A

Chin

138
Q

Cervical

A

Neck

139
Q

Thoracic

A

Chest

140
Q

Sternal

A

Breastbone

141
Q

Pectoral

A

Chest

142
Q

Mammory

A

Breast

143
Q

Abdominal

A

Abdomen

144
Q

Umbilical

A

Navel

145
Q

Coxal

A

Hip

146
Q

Pelvic

A

Pelvis

147
Q

Inguinal

A

Groin

148
Q

Scapular

A

Shoulder Blade

149
Q

Vertebral

A

Spinal column

150
Q

Olecranal or cubital

A

Back of elbow

151
Q

Sacral

A

Between hips

152
Q

Dorsal

A

back

153
Q

Loin

A

Lumbar

154
Q

Axillary

A

Armpit

155
Q

Brachial

A

Arm

156
Q

antecubital

A

Front of elbow

157
Q

Antebrachial

A

forearm

158
Q

Carpal

A

Wrist

159
Q

Palmer or volar

A

Palm

160
Q

Phalangeal

A

Fingers

161
Q

Manual

A

Hand

162
Q

Pollex

A

Thumb

163
Q

Femoral

A

Thigh

164
Q

Patellar

A

Anterior surface of the kneePu

165
Q

Pubic

A

Pubis

166
Q

Gluteal

A

Buttock

167
Q

Popliteal

A

Hollow behind the knee

168
Q
A

Anatomy (20 decks)

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