Exam 222 Flashcards
Tissue
A community of cells surrounded by tissue fluid and other materials
Histology
The scientific study of tissues
Pathologists
Medical doctors who specialize in the causes and effects of disease and injury and use laboratory study of cells and tissues from biopsies from medical diagnosis
Epithelial tissue
Covers the body surfaces and organs; lines hollow structures; forms glands
Connective tissue
Protects, supports, and binds organs together
Muscle tissue
Responsible for movement
Nervous tissue
Senses change inside and outside the body and respond by generating nerve impulses that control movement and other processes
Skeletal muscle tissue
A voluntary muscle that moves the body; an important in facial expression, maintaining posture and speech, and breathing movements
Cardiac muscle tissue
An involuntary muscle found in the heart wall; contracts to create the heartbeat and pump blood through the blood vessels
Smooth muscle tissue
An involuntary muscle; constricts and dilates blood vessels and airways and creates movement in digestive, urinary, and other hollow organs
Nervous tissue
Makes up your brain, spinal cord, and nerves it contains nerve cells called neurons that generate electrical nerve impulses to sense and respond to stimuli, and to control muscle contractions and other processes
Covering and lining epithelium
Forms the outer covering of the skin and many internal organs, lines inside walls of body cavities, hollow organs, blood vessels, and ducts of glands
Glandular epithelium
Forms the secretory portion of the glands
What are the major functions of epithelial tissues?
Selective barrier that regulates the movement of materials in and out of the body, protection against abrasion and bacterial invasion, gas exchange absorption, filtration, and secretion of substances onto a body surface into an organ or into a duct of a gland
Epithelial tissue
Consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in either a single layer of cells or multiple layers of cells, closely packed together
Interstitial fluid
In epithelial tissue, it’s in the space that surrounds the cells
Apical surface
Faces the outside of the body, or faces the inside of a body cavity or the lumen of the organ, blood vessel, or duct
Lateral surfaces
Faces adjacent cells contain cell junctions that hold cells together
Basal surface
Located at the bottom of the epithelial tissue attached to the basement membrane
Where does the epithelium sit
A foundation of connective tissue
Basement membrane
A thin extracellular protein layer that attaches the epithelium to the underlying connective tissue
Cell junctions
The contact point between the plasma membranes of cells within a tissue made of proteins or glycoproteins
Capillaries
Tiny blood vessels in the underlying vascular connective tissue
How are epitheliums classified
The number of cell layers and the shape of the cell
Simple epithelium
A single layer os cells that function diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, or absorption
Stratified epithelium
Two or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissues in areas of physical or chemical abrasion
Squamous cells
Thin, nearly flat cells, arranged like floor tiles, flattened disk-shaped nuclei; allow for rapid passage of substances - diffusion, gas exchange, filtration
Cuboidal cells
As tall as they are wide, shaped like cubes, spherical nucleus
Columnar cells
Much taller than they are wide, like columns; may have cilia or microvilli on the apical surface
Secretion
The production and release of a useful substance by the cell
Absorption
The uptake of useful substances by a cell
Filtration
The movement of a fluid through a filter to produce a filtrate
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Found in tubules of the kidneys and ducts of the pancreas functions in secretion and absorption; used for re-absorption of water salts and nutrients from filtrate in the tubules of the kidneys
Ciliated simple columnar epithelium
In the fallopian tubes
Cilia
Helps move the ovulated egg toward the uterus
Goblet cells
Produce mucus which keeps the epithelium and the egg moist
Non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium
No cilia on the apical surface - but there are microvilli on the apical surface that increase surface area for the absorption of nutrients in the small intestines
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
It appears to have several layers due to nuclei at various depths - but it is only a single layer of epithelial cells
Stratified epithelium
Consists of two or more layers of epithelial cells
Stratified squamous epithelium
Consists of several layers of cells that are flat layers, found in high abrasion areas of the body
Keratinized
The stratified squamous epithelium contains the fibrous, tough protein
Non-keratinized
Stratified squamous epithelium does not contain keratin protein
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Is an uncommon type of epithelium; protects deeper tissues from glandular secretion in ducts
Stratified columnar epithelium
very uncommon, functions in protection
Transitional epithelium
Found only in the urinary system
Glandular epithelium
Makes up the secretory tissue of glands
Exocrine glands
Secrete their products into ducts
Endocrine glands
Ductless glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream, hormones are chemical messengers that alter the physiology of their target cells
Connective tissue
Is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body
Functions of connective tissue
Binds tissues together, supports and strengthens tissues and organs, protects internal organs, insulates internal organs from head loss and provides energy reserves for compartmentalized structures and organs, transports substances, Immune response
Extracellular matrix
The material located between cells in the connective tissue
Ground substance
The component of extracellular matrix that surround the cells and protein fibers in the tissue
Hyaluronic acid
A viscous, slippery substance found in many connective tissues, as well as inside the eyeball and in joints
Chondroitin sulfate
A rubbery substance that provides support in cartilage
What are the 3 types of protein fibers?
Collagen, Elastic, Reticular
Collagen Fibers
Contains collagen protein, collagen is strong and found in most collective tissues, often found in collagen bundles
Elastic fibers
Called yellow fibers 0 a high concentration of elastic gibers gives connective tissues a yellow color, provide stretch and elasticity to tissues
Reticular fibers
Forms a fine, branching network of collagen fibers, gives support and strength to soft connective tissues
Embryonic connective tissue
Mesenchyme, mucous connective tissue
Mature connective tissue
Loose connective tissues, Dense connective tissues, cartilage, bone tissue, liquid connective tissues
Mesenchymal cell
embryonic connective tissue stem cell
Mesenchyme
Embryonic connective tissue stem cells
Reticular fiber
In the mesenchyme provides support to the tissue
Areolar connective tissue
One of the most widely distributed connective tissues in the body
Fibroblasts
The most common cell type in the areolar connective tissue, secretes protein fibers and components of ground substance in the connective tissue matrix
Macrophages
Large white blood cells that engulf bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytic
Dense regular connective tissue
forms strong attachment structures; tendons and most ligaments
Elastic connective tissue
Contains sheets of elastic fibers
Cartilage
A dense network of collagen or elastic fibers firmly embedded in a rubbery ground substance
Hyaline cartilage
The most abundant cartilage in the body, is avascular
Osteocytes
Bone cells that are in lacunae in the bone
Bone tissue
Is vascular and has a nerve supply found in tiny canals in the bone
Blood tissue
Fluid connective tissues with liquid extracellular matrix called blood plasma
White blood cells
Fight disease
Red blood cells
Carry oxygen
Platelets
Function in blood clotting
Lymph
Excess fluid from tissues is absorbed into lymphatic vessels and eventually returned to the bloodstream
Membranes
Flat sheets of pliable tissues that cover or line a part of the body
Epithelial membranes
A combination of the epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer
Synovial membrane
Lines joints and contains connective tissue but not epithelium
Mucous membranes
Line the body cavities that open at some point to the outside
Serous membranes
Line the body cavities that do not open to the outside
Parietal
Serous membrane lines cavities around the lungs and heart, and lines the abdominal cavity
Visceral
The serous membrane covers the organs that lie within the chest and abdominal cavities
Supine position
The body lying face up
Prone position
The body lying face down
Anatomical terms
Cephalic, Cervical, Trunk, upper limbs, lower limbs, acromial, and pectoral
Cephalic
Head
Cervical
Neck
Trunk
Chest, abdomen, and pelvis
Upper limbs
Shoulder, armpit, arm, and hands
Lower limbs
Buttocks, hip, thigh, leg, ankle, and foot
Acromial
The top of the shoulder
Pectoral
Anterior chest
Anterior
Front
Posterior
Back
Superior
Above
Inferior
Below
Midline
An imaginary line that divides the body into equal right and left sides
Medial
Closer to the midline
Lateral
Farther from the midline
Proximal
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
Distal
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk
Superficial
Closer to the surface of the body
Deep
Deeper inside the body
Intermediate
Between two structures
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body
Contralateral
On the opposite sides of the body
Sagittal plane
A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides
Midsagittal plane
Divide the body or organ into equal right and left sides
Parasagittal plane
Divide the body or organ into unequal right and left sides
front or coronal plane
Divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior
Transverse or horizontal plane
Divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions
Cranial cavity
Surrounded by the cranial bones
Vertebral canal
Surrounded by cranial bones
Thoracic cavity
Is also called the chest cavity
Diaphragm
A dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
What are the 3 cavities in the thoracic cavity?
Pleural, mediastinum, and pericardial
Pleural cavities
The lungs fill up most of these spaces
Mediastinum
Medial to the lungs contains a pericardial cavity
Pericardial cavity
Located within the mediastinum, the heart fills up most of the pericardial cavity space
Abdominopelvic cavity
The cavity inferior to the diaphragm
Serous membrane
A thin slippery membrane covers the viscera and lines the cavity’s walls
Peritoneal cavity
The cavity surrounded by the parietal peritoneum
Synovial cavities
Cavity in moveable joints
Synovial cavities
Cavity in moveable joints
Cranial
Head
Facial
Face
Cephalic
Head
Frontal
Forehead
Temporal
Temple
Orbital or ocular
Eye
Otic
Ear
Buccal
Cheek
Nasal
Nose
Oral
Mouth
Mental
Chin
Cervical
Neck
Thoracic
Chest
Sternal
Breastbone
Pectoral
Chest
Mammory
Breast
Abdominal
Abdomen
Umbilical
Navel
Coxal
Hip
Pelvic
Pelvis
Inguinal
Groin
Scapular
Shoulder Blade
Vertebral
Spinal column
Olecranal or cubital
Back of elbow
Sacral
Between hips
Dorsal
back
Loin
Lumbar
Axillary
Armpit
Brachial
Arm
antecubital
Front of elbow
Antebrachial
forearm
Carpal
Wrist
Palmer or volar
Palm
Phalangeal
Fingers
Manual
Hand
Pollex
Thumb
Femoral
Thigh
Patellar
Anterior surface of the kneePu
Pubic
Pubis
Gluteal
Buttock
Popliteal
Hollow behind the knee
