Joints Flashcards
Joint (articulation)
The location in a skeleton where 2 bones come together. Classified by structure and function.
Fibrous joints
Bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue. Have no joint space, held closely together by dense irregular connective tissue, little or no movement.
Cartilaginous joints
Bonds held together by cartilage.
Synovial joints
Joint that contains a synovial cavity.
What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?
Sutures, interosseous membrane, and gomphosis.
Sutures
Occur between bones of the skull. Immovable or slightly moveable joints.
Interosseous membranes
Between the tibia and fibula in the leg and between the ulna and radius in the arm. Some movement allowed. Dense irregular connective tissue, allows supination and pronation in the ulna and radius.
Gomphosis
The joint in which the tooth fits into a socket. Immovable joint.
Periodontal ligament
The dense irregular connective tissue that holds the tooth in the socket.
Gingivitis
Weakens the periodontal ligament.
Cartilaginous joint
Tightly connected by cartilage. No joint space between the bones in these joints. Allows some movement or no movement.
Hyaline cartilage joints
Epiphyseal plates and costal cartilage.
Epiphyseal plates
Within children’s long bones (immovable)
Costal cartilage
Between the true ribs and the sternum (some movement)
Symphysis joint
Disc of fibrocartilage, connect the bones. Slightly moveable joints.
Pubic symphysis
Contain fibrocartilage pads between the pubic bones of the hips.
Intervertebral joints
Between the vertebrae contain fibrocartilage intervertebral discs (somewhat moveable)
Synovial cavity
Contain a space between bones. Allows for the joint to move freely.
Articulate cartilage
Covers the ends of the articulating joints.
Ligaments
Hold bones together at synovial joints. Are usually made of dense regular connective tissue.
Articulate capsule
A sleeve like capsule that encloses the synovial cavity and is composed of two layers: fibrous membrane and synovial membrane.
Fibrous membrane
Outer membrane made of dense irregular connective tissue that fuses with the periosteum of the bone.
Synovial membrane
An inner membrane that contains are okay connective tissue with elastic fibers and some adipose tissue.
Synovial fluid
Secreted by the synovial membrane. Consists of hyaluronic acid, which has a slick, slimy consistency. Lubricates the joint and and prevents friction between the articulated cartilage on the ends of articulating bones. Absorbs shocks during movement and contains white blood cells that remove debris.
Hinge joints
Produce an opening and closing motion like that of a hinged door. Knee, elbow, fingers and toes, and the temporomandibular joint.
Pivot joints
Surface of one bone articulates with a ring shaped part of another bone. This joint shown between ulna and radius enables the forearm to rotate or pivot.
Ball-and-socket joints
A ball like head of one bone fits into a cup like depression of another bone. Allow for large variety of movements.
Tempromandibular joint
Hinge joint formed by the consumer process of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone. Only moveable joint between skull bones.
Articular discs
Pads of fibrocartilage that lie between articulating surfaces of the bones in some synovial joints. Allow bones of different shapes to fit together more tightly. Fibrocartilage discs absorb compression. Found in the TMJ and knee.
Shoulder joint
A ball-and-socket joint formed by the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula. Shallow ball and socket joint.
Shallow ball and socket joint
Results in more freedom of movement than any other joint in the body. Sometimes dislocated - stability is sacrificed for freedom of movement.
Bursae
Sac-like structures that contain fluid similar to synovial fluid. Located between structures and joints. Cushions movement of body parts. Found around the shoulder joint as well as other synovial joints.
Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa due to infection or an overuse injury.
Elbow joint
Hinge joint formed by the humerus, ulna, and the radius.
Hip joints
Deep ball and socket joint formed by the head of the femur and acetabulum of the hip bone. Heavily reinforced with ligaments. Less flexible than the shoulder joint, but more stable and less likely to be dislocated.
Knee joint
A hinge joint formed by the lateral and medial consoles of the femur and the lateral and medial consoles of the tibia. Several bursae cushion the structures of the knee.
Flexion
Decreasing the angle between articulating bones.
Extension
Increasing the angle between articulating bones.
Hyperextension
Continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position.
Where does flexion and extension of the head at the neck occur
The occipital condoles of the skull and the atlas.
Lateral flexion
Movement of the trunk sideways to the right or left at the waist.
Abduction
A movement of a bone away from the midline.
Adduction
A movement of a bone toward the midline.
Circumduction
A movement of a body part so that you can create a cone in space.
Rotation
A bone turns along it’s longitudinal axis. Occurs between the atlas and axis of the cervical vertebrae - the atlas rotates on the dens of its axis.
Elevation
upward movements of body parts, such as the mandible when closing the mouth.
Depression
A downward movement of a part of the body.
Protraction
A movement of a part of the body anteriorly thrusting the mandible forward.
Retraction
Movement of a protracted part of the body back to the normal anatomical position.
Supination
Movement of the forearm so that the palm turned upward.
Pronation
Movement of the forearm so that the palm is turned facing down.
Supinated position
The radius and ulna are parallel to each other.
Pronated position
The radius over the ulna.
Opposition
The movement of the thumb in which the thumb moves across the palm and touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand.
Inversion
The movement of the sole of the feet medically, so that you are standing on the outer edge of the foot.
Ever soon
The movement of the sole of the foot laterally, so the sole of the foot points to the outside.
Doesuflexion
The bending of the foot at the ankle in an upward direction.
Plantar flexion
The bending of the foot of the foot downward.
