snoring and obstructive sleep apnea Flashcards
what is snoring ?
deep rumbling sound made on inspiration during sleep due to vibration of the pharyngeal tissue
what is obstructive sleep apnea ?
either apnea ( holding breath for more than 10 seconds)
or hypopnea ( reduced airflow with oxygen desaturation)
what are the causes of OSA generally divided into ?
structural and non structural causes
what are the non structural causes of OSA ?
obesity
central fat distribution
age
ethnicity
alcohol use
sedative use
severe exhaustion
what are the structural causes divided into ?
nasal and nasopharyngeal
oropharyngeal
hypopharyngeal
what are the nasal and nasopharyngeal structural causes of obstructive sleep apnea ?
nasopharyngeal - adenoids
nasal - hypertrophied inferior turbinates
nasal polyps
nasopharyngeal tumors
what are the oropharyngeal structural causes of obstructive sleep apnea ?
tonsillar hypertrophy
lax redundant soft palate
elongated hypertrophic uvula
macroglossia
oropharyngeal tumors
what is the clinical picture of Obstructive sleep apnea ?
witnessed breath holding by partner
interrupted sleep rhythm
sleep deprivation
lack of concentration
nightmares and nocturnal enuresis in children
what are the complications of obstructive sleep apnea?
pulmonary hypertension
systemic hypertension
right sided heart failure
arrhythmia
what are the hypopharynx structural causes of obstructive sleep apnea ?
micrognathia
hypopharyngeal tumors
what kind of procedures in terms of investigations can be done in cases of obstructive sleep apnea ?
1- flexible endoscopy during drug induced sleep examination
2- nocturnal polysomnography
what is the most sensitive specific test for obstructive sleep apnea ?
nocturnal polysomnography
how can we differentiate the different causes of apnea from obstructive sleep apnea
using nocturnal polysomnography
what is the most common non structural cause of OSA ?
obesity
what is the most common cause of OSA in children ?
adenoids
