rhinorrhea Flashcards
what is rhinorrhea ?
nasal discharge
what are the types of nasal discharge ?
mucoid
mucopurulent
bloody
watery
crusts
fluids and food
what are the causes of mucoid nasal discharge ?
usually secondary to nasal obstruction
what are the causes of mucopurulent discharge ?
due to secondary infection on top of stagnant mucus
what are the causes of bloody discharge ?
same causes as epistaxis
what are the possible causes of unilateral watery discharge ?
CSF rhinorrhea
what is the presentation of CSF rhinorrhea ?
increases by straining and leaning forward
salty taste
what are the possible causes of bilateral watery discharge ?
allergic rhinitis
1st stage of acute rhinitis
accompanied with excessive lacrimation
what are the causes of CSF rhinorrhea ?
congenital defect of the skull base ( with or without meningocele)
accidental head trauma
idiopathic : increased intracranial pressure
what is the treatment for CSF rhinorrhea ?
endoscopic multilayered repair
what are the causes of unilateral crusts ?
unilateral atrophic rhinitis ( ee.g total turbineectomy)
what are the causes of bilateral crusts ?
atrophic rhinitis
nasal granuloma
nasal vestibulitis
what is the other name for bilateral atrophic rhinitis ?
empty nose syndrome
what is the presentation of bilateral atrophic rhinitis ?
sensation of nasal obstruction even though on examination seems to be a roomy nose
large dark green foul crusts and a bad odour perceived by partner
what is the most common causative organisms in nasal vestibulitis ?
staphylococcus aureus
what is the difference between furunculosis and nasal vestibulitis ?
furunculosis is more of a localized inflammation
whereas nasal vestibulitis is a more general form of inflammation
what are the causes of unilateral fluid or food regurgitation through the nose ?
oroantral fistula
what is an oroantral fistula ?
an abnormal connection between the maxillary sinus antrum and the oral cavity
what are the causes of oroantral fistula ?
dental extraction of upper 2nd premolar or 1st molar tooth
what does the CT scan show in cases of oroantral fistula ?
unilateral maxillary sinus opacification
what are the causes of bilateral regurgitation of food and fluids through the nose ?
cleft palate
soft palate paralysis
perforated hard palate
what cases present with soft palate paralysis ?
bulbar palsy
what cases present with perforated hard palate ?
syphilis
what is the firstt most probable diagnosis in a case of unilateral offensive discharge in a child ?
foreign body
what do atrophic rhinitis and nasal granulomas eventually result in ?
nasal crustations
