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ENT > Nasal obstruction > Flashcards

Nasal obstruction Flashcards

1
Q

what are the general causes of nasal obstruction ?

A

either unilateral or bilateral

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2
Q

what are the subtitles that go under the unilateral causes of nasal obstruction ?

A

congenital
developmental
traumatic
inflammatory
odontogenic sinusitis
Neoplastic
Malignant
Miscellaneous

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3
Q

what are the unilateral congenital causes of nasal obstruction ?

A

unilateral choanal atresia
Meningocele

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4
Q

what are the tests used to diagnose unilateral choanal atresia ?

A

Catheter cannot pass
CT scan is diagnostic
May be accidentally discovered in older children

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5
Q

how is meningocele diagnosed ?

A

CT scan or MRI is diagnostic

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6
Q

what are the developmental causes of nasal obstruction ?

A

deviated nasal septum “ C shaped “
persistent unilateral obstruction
can also causee bilateral nasal obstruction

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7
Q

what inflammatory causes can lead to unilateral nasal obstruction ?

A

allergic fungal sinusitis

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8
Q

what does odontogenic sinusitis mean ?

A

nasal obstruction of dental origin

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9
Q

what are thee benign neoplastic causes of unilateral nasal obstruction ?

A

inverted papilloma
nasopharyngeal angiofibroma

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10
Q

what is the embryological tissue origin of an inverted papilloma ?

A

ectodermal in origin

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11
Q

what is the presentation of an inverted papilloma ?

A

unilateral nasal obstruction iis the main presentation
epistaxis
nasal discharge
epiphora
facial pain

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12
Q

does an inverted papilloma stay benign ?

A

has a small chance of turning malignant

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13
Q

what is thee imaging and treatment of choice in cases of inverted papilloma ?

A

imaging : CT
treatment : endoscopic medial maxillectomy

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14
Q

what is observed on examination of an inverted papilloma ?

A

unilateral irregular reddish gray polypoidal mass
nasal septum may bee bowed on the contralateral side

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15
Q

which group of p[atieents are exclusivley affected by juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma ?

A

adolescent males

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16
Q

what typee of benign tumor is JNA ?

A

vascular benign tumor

17
Q

where do inverted papillomas arise from ?

A

the lateral nasal wall ( locally aggressive )

18
Q

where is the sphenopalatine foramen in relation to the nasal turbinates ?

A

near thee posterior attachment of the middle turbinate

19
Q

where is the eustachian tube opening in relation to the nasal turbinates ?

A

posterior to the inferior turbinate

20
Q

what is the most common clinical presentation of JNA ?

A

severe epistaxis with unilateral nasal obstruction iin a teenagee boy

21
Q

on gross examination what would juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma look like ?

A

tumor is usually sessile
lobulated
rubbery
red pink to tan-gray in appearance

22
Q

microscopically what would a juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma look like ?

A

predominance of collagen fibres and less elastic fibres
absent or incomplete smooth muscle

23
Q

what is the management of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma ?

A

embolization and subsequent surgical removal

24
Q

what are thee malignant causes of unilateral nasal obstruction ?

A

squamous cell carcinoma
nasopharyngeal carcinoma

25
Q

what is an antrochonal polyp ?

A

a polyp originattiing from tthee mucosa of the maxillary sinus extending out towards the nasopharynx

26
Q

are antrochoanal polyps more commonly associated with unilateral or bilateral nasal obstruction ?

A

unilateral nasal obstructiion

27
Q

what are the causes of bilateral congenital nasal blockage ?

A

bilateral chonal atresia

28
Q

in septal hematomas where is the blood usually accumulated ?

A

under the mucoperichondrium or mucoperiosteum

29
Q

what other miscellaneous conditions may cause bilateral nasal obstruction ?

A

rhinitis medicamentosa
adenoids in children

30
Q

what is the commoneest causee of unilateral nasal obstruction in children ?

A

foreign body

31
Q

what is the commonest cause of bilateral nasal obstruction in children ?

A

adenoids

32
Q

what are the complications of septal hematomas that could also cause nasal obstruction ?

A

septal abscess

33
Q

what is rhinitis medicamentosa ?

A

overuse of xylometazoline causes hypertrophy of the inferior turbinates

34
Q

what type of obstruction is more commonly associated with acute rhinosinusitis ?

A

bilateral nasal obstruction
owing to nasal polyps

ENT (30 decks)

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