Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NAVLE ok... > Small Ruminants > Flashcards

Small Ruminants Flashcards

1
Q

Caseous lymphadenitis
Species
Agent
CS

A

Goats
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
CS: abscessation of supramammary lymph nodes, weight loss, potential herd and public health problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q 
Caprine arthritis encephalomyelitis (CAE)
Common disease name
CS in adults 
CS in kids
Tx
A

“Hardbag” - seen in goats
CS in adults: udder fibrosis and results in firm udder w/ agalactia, arthritis
CS in kids: leukoencephalomyelitis and polysynovitis-arthritis
Tx: cull the goat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Contagious erythema
Common disease name
CS
Is it contagious or zoonotic?

A

Orf
CS: young goats <1 yr have scabby lesions around mouthes, noses, low-grade fever, anorexic, fall behind in weight group
It is both contagious and zoonotic!
- the scabs fall off in 2 - 4 weeks and that is how it is transmitted the next year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q 
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Common disease name
CS
Post mortem lesions
Unique fact
A

Johne’s disease! = Mycobacterium paratuberuclosis
CS: muscle mass loss, weak, not lactating effectively
Lesions: thickened ileocolic area, mesenteric LN are enlarged

  • The disease does NOT cause obvious diarrhea in goats like it does in cows. But it does result in albumin loss through the gut causing weight loss that can be rapid.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Rumen acidosis
Cause
Pathophys
CS

A

Cause: grain overload

  1. Too much carbs leads to overgrowth of strep. Bovis and other gram (+) bacteria
  2. This lowers the rumen pH to 4.5
  3. This increases lactic acid and lactobacilli overgrowth leading to more production of lactic acid
  4. The goat cant metabolize D-lactic acid and lactic acidosis results

CS: rapid HR, depression, anorexia, fluid-filled rumen, scleral injection, diarrhea, staggering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Eimeria
CS
Dx
Tx

A

CS: diarrhea 2 - 3 weaks after weaning at 6 weeks of age
Dx: numerous Eimeria cysts in feces
Tx: feed coccidiostat preventative to kids at weaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Grass tetany
Deficiency in what?
In what animals is it seen in?
What is the nutrient impt for?

A

Mg deficiency
Seen in lactating animals in the SPRING on well-fertilized pastures (green, legume pastures) high in N and K.

Mg is impt for nervous system function and many enzymatic reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q 
Nutritional Myodegeneration
Deficiency in what?
Common disease name
CS
Lesions
Dx
Prevention
A

Selenium and Vit E deficiency - affects heart and skeletal muscle
“White muscle disease”
CS: weakness, stiffness, some die
Lesions: pale white streaks in bundles of skeletal muscle of limbs and diaphragm
Dx: assess herd Se level: take whole blood from 20 random sheep
Prevention: supplement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Polioencephalomalacia
Deficiency in what nutrient?
How is it induced?
CS

A

Thiamine deficiency
Induced by grain feeding resulting in thiaminase-producing bacteria multiplying rumen and destroying thiamine causing polio

CS: strongest animals will get sick first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q 
Copper deficiency
Species 
Disease name
Cause
CS
Pathology 
It is the most common cause of \_\_\_\_\_\_ in sheep?
A

Goats and sheep
“Enzootic ataxia”
Can be primary (not intaking enouch Cu) or secondary (diets high in other things like sulfur, Fe, Zn, etc that inhibit absorption of Cu)
CS: microcytic anemia, faded hair, heart failure, infertility, swollen joints, gastric ulcers, diarrhea, ADR
Pathology: dark, hemoglobin filled kidneys “gun metal blue”

The Most common cause of hemolytic anemia in sheep and causes an acute hemolytic crisis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two neurologic diseases seen with Cu deficiency?

What are some CS seen with this?

A
  1. Enzootic ataxia - seen in lambs 1 - 2m old
  2. Swayback - seen congenitally

CS: ascending paralysis, incoordination, muscle atrophy, weakness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

CS of pneumothorax and collapsed lung

A

Absence of dorsal lung sounds
Audible ventral lung sounds

Dyspnea, tachypnea and normal temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the ringworm found in goats?

A

T. Verrucosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the gestation length of a goat? Sheep?

A

goat: 150 days
Sheep: 152 days

Remember a pig’s gestation length is 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days = 115 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q 
Beta mannosidosis 
Species
Breed
Pathophys
CS
A

Anglo-Nubian goats
A genetic deficiency where the plasma level of an enzyme is deficient (zero) that causes fatal neurological symptoms

CS: inability to stand since birth, short sternum, shortened and domed head with short curled ears, head tremor, carpal contractures, no suckle reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Dehorning
Can lead to what complications?
Which sinus is likely involved?

A

Sinusitis

Frontal sinus involvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What sinus is involved in dental disease?

A

Maxillary sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Footrot
Agent
CS

What agent may be present secondarily?

A

Agent: Dichelobacter nodosus

CS: malodorous exudate and partial separation of the horn of the hoof from the skin.

Fusobacterium necrophorum may be present secondarily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Udder papillomas
Seen in which breed? What does it tend to develop into?
CS
Px

A

Seen in Saanen goats - tends to develop into SCC

CS: udder lesions that developed from warts, will see multiple in herd
Px: poor for dairy goats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q 
Dermatophilus congolensis
Disease common name
CS
Dx
Tx
A

“Strawberry foot rot” (dermatophilus congolensis)
CS: crusting lesions around coronary band during mosit winters. Pink granulation tissue under crusts. Will see multiple in herd

Dx: cytology = branching “railroad tracks” of cocci bavteria. Affected by younger animals more severely

Tx: footbath, isolating or culling animals since its contagious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q 
Mycoplasma mycoides
Species
CS in does and kids
Transmission
Treatment and px
A

Seen in goats
CS in does: mastitis (firm udders, brownish watery milk); febrile & depressed
CS in kids: fibrinopurulent polyarthritis, pneumonia, fever, unwilling to move
Transmission: transmammary and aerosol. Carrier goats maintain infection in herd. In adults, transmitted via external auditory meatus or direct inhalation
Treatment: tetracyclines
Px: complete recovery guarded. Culling may be recommended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q 
Bluetongue
Species
Transmission
CS in pregnant ewes
CS in non-pregnant sheep
A

Sheep
Transmission: vectorbrone - culicoides gnat or small midge; sexually; transplacentally
CS in pregnant: lambs with hydranencephaly (cerebral hemispheres absent and replaced with sacs of fluid
CS in non-pregnant: generalized vasculitis, fever, edema of ears and face, loss of oral mucosa, leukopenia, cyanosis of tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Manheimia hemolytica
Species
What does it cause?
What is the common disease name?

A

Sheep
Causes enzootic pneumonia and gangrenous mastitis

“Blue bag”
(Vs “hardbag” which is caprine arthritis encephalomyelitis virus in goats)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q 
Infectious KCS
When does it occur?
CS
Tx
Two organisms that cause it?
A

Occurs after severe weather - driving wind or snow
CS: lots of pregnant ewes suddenly become blind, photophobic, blepharospasm, epiphora, conjunctivits, keratitis, corneal ulceration
Tx: topical/systemic oxytetracycline
2 organisms: mycoplasma + chlamydia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Lepto
Species
CS of lambs
Dx

A

CS of lambs: acute hemolytic anemia, interstitial nephritis and tubular necrosis

Dx: immunoperoxidase staining of renal tissue

26
Q 
Big head disease
Species
Causative agents
How its contracted
CS
Tx
Control
A

Sheep
Clostridium novyi or C. Sordelli
Caused when the organism enters wounds sustained from head butting activities.
CS: swelling and edema of face, dull, depressed, pyrexic, congested mm
Tx: penicillin
Control: reduce head wounds and vaccinate with multivalent clostridial toxoids

27
Q

What is the most significant cause of abortion in sheep in the US?

What are the other most common causes of abortion in sheep?

A

Campylobacter or vibriosis infection

C. Jejuni and C. Fetus

28
Q

Tetanus
Most likely clinical sign in sheep
CS

A

Most likely clinical sign: trismus = spasm of the jaw muscles causing the mouth to remain tightly closed
aka “sardonic grin”

CS: stiffness or lameness in a limb ascending to generalized stiffness, raised tail head, saw-horse stance, rigid paralysis, pyrexia

29
Q

What species is the carrier of malignant catarrahal fever?

How can it be controlled?

A

Carrier and reservoir = sheep

Controlled: thru genetic testing

30
Q 
Gangrenous mastitis 
Caused by:
When is it likely to occur?
What is it associated with? 
CS
Px:
A

Caused by: Manheimia & Staph aureus
Likely to occur during the first 3 months of lactation
Associated with poor milk supply due to ewe undernutrition and over vigorous suckling by lambs
CS: enlarged udder, cold, blue and black. Serosanguinous milk that is foul-smelling

Px: grave - gangrenous udder tissue eventually sloughs leaving a large granulating surface with superficial bacterial infection

31
Q

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
Causative agent
Common disease name
What does it cause?

A

Causative agent: lentivirus
Maedi-Visna virus

Causes a chronic, progressive condition that has no clinical signs as long as they dont develop secondary bacterial pneumonia.

(This is in contrast to pasteurella pneumonia, which tends to be more acute).

32
Q 
Larval hypersensitivity
Species
Disease name
What happens
CS
Dx 
Tx
A

Sheep
Oestrus ovis infestation
Adult flies deposit larvae around nostrils; larvae migrate up nasal passages into turbinates and sinuses.
CS: nasal dsicharge and face rubbing
Dx: cytoogy = numerous eosinophils and mast cells
Tx: ivermectin

33
Q

Most common urolith seen in sheep

why?

A

Calcium carbonate

Due to grazing over lush clover pastures that are high in Ca and oxalates

34
Q

Ruptured bladder
CS
Clin path abnormalities

A

CS: straining to urinate, anorectic, depressed, no rumen motility, ammonia smelling breath, TPR is normal

Clin path abnormalities: HypoNa, hypoCl, hyperP, hemoconcentration, increased Crt

35
Q

Pregnancy toxemia
Species
How it occurs

A

Sheep

Occurs in ewes in the last 2 - 4 weeks of gestation secondary to insufficient energy intake. The negative energy balance is unable to produce enough oxaloacetate to feed into the citrus cycle. This results in mobilization of fat and subsequent production of ketones.

36
Q

Ovine Hereditary Chondrodysplasia
Common disease name
Seen in what breed
What does it cause

A

Spider lamb syndrome
Suffolk sheep
Causes severe carpus valgus chrondrodysplasia from an autosomal recessive trait

37
Q

Organophosphate toxicity
What is the MOA
Tx

A

Acts by inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase causing muscarinic signs including hypersalivation, incoordination and bloat

Tx: high doses of atropine or pralidoxime (2-PAM)
in sheep use atropine

38
Q

Whitten effect or buck effect

A

Introduction of a new male that induces sheep and goates to ovulate at the same time

39
Q 
Sheep keds
What do they look like?
How do you tell them apart?
What do they feed on?
CS
A

Wingless flies

Look a lot like ticks but you can tell them apart by counting legs:
Ticks - 8 legs
Sheep keds (Melophagus ovinus) - 6 legs

Adults feed on blood

CS: pruritus, stained wool, potentially anemia

40
Q

How many teeth do goats have?

A

32

41
Q

How many teeth do sheep have?

A

32

42
Q

What is the most common GI nematode in small ruminants?
CS
Tx

A

Haemonchus contortus
CS: failure to thrive, weight loss
Severe signs include: bottle jaw (pitting edema) and anemia

Tx: use drugs therapeutically, only de-worm animals with high worm burden

43
Q

Estrus cycle of sheep?

A

17 days

44
Q

Estrus cycle of goats?

A

21 days

45
Q

What is a difference between sheep and goats with regards to CLs?

What is the significance?

A

Sheep are no longer CL dependent after 75 days into the gestation period; the placenta produces progesterone itself.

This means that you cannot use Lutalyse (PGF-2-alpha) to induce abortionin sheep past 75 days; while you still can in goats

46
Q

What type of placenta do goats and sheep have/

A

Same as the cow –> a cotyledonary placenta

47
Q 
enterotoxemia aka pulpy kidney disease aka overeating disease
cause 
pathophys
CS
Tx
Prevention
A

clostridium perfringens type D
heavy grain feeding or rich pasture; type D prototoxin elaborates and is activated - toxin increases intestinal permeability

CS: animals often found dead
Tx: penicillin
prevention: vaccinate

48
Q 
winter dysentery
agent 
common history
CS
importance
A

bovine coronavirus
history: housed dairy cattle in the north during the winter, herd outbreak
CS: projectile diarrhea, mild resp. disease, drop in production
importance: economic loss, high morbidity, low mortality

49
Q

what are the 3 common causes of calf diarrhea?

A
  1. ETEC < 3 days: only causs diarrhea in calves (not horses)
  2. sepsis < 5 days
  3. rotavirus 5d - 2 weeks: most common VIRAL cause of diarrhea
50
Q

cryptosporidium parvum

when is it shed?

A

coccidian parasite
shed from 5 - 15 days
high morbidity
zoonotic

51
Q

coccidiosis

A

Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zuernii

seen in older cattle during the summer and fall

52
Q 
Moniezia eggs
shape
what type of worm are they? 
describe lifecycle
pathogenic?
A

they are rectangular or square in shape
they are a tapeworm
their lifecycle involves oribatid mites that live in teh soil and are ingested by the host.

they are typicaly nonpathogenic but may cause intestinal stasis

53
Q 
Clostiridum hemolyticum or Clostridial novyi type D
time of year
CS
clin path
pathophys
A

summer can cause acute death
CS: icteric, port wine colored urine, bloody diarrhea, ataxic, petechiation, blank stares
clin path: anemia, asoztemia, hyperbilirubin
infection of the liver by migrating flukes (fasciola hepatica) result in anaerobic tracks that allow clostridium to bloom and cause disease

54
Q

what age group gets sick with anaplasma marginale?

A

adults; especially if they just travelled and are new to the herd

55
Q

ostertagia
CS
lesions

A

CS: acute watery diarrhea, petechia
lesions: worms and petechia in abomasum, the wall of the abomasum will look like “moroccan leather” - a nodular “cobblestone” appearance that is worst in the fundus

56
Q

corynebacterium renale
what it does
CS

A

cause of pyelonephritis in post-partum cows from bacteria entering thru the urethra
CS: renal swelling and pain (grinding teeth) fever, loss of appetite

57
Q

what is the appropriate minimum egg count at which ou should plan to deworm calves?

A

300 eggs per gram of feces

58
Q

white muscle disease

A

Vit E & Selenium deficiency
has 2 forms: an acute cardiac form in which the animals just show up dead, or a skeletal muscle form: dyspnea, frothy nasal discharge
lesions: bilaterally symmetric muscular atrophy, skeletal muscle is pale and dry with white streaks. calves can have trouble getting up and have swollen, hard, painful muscle

59
Q

maple syrup disease

enzyme deficiency of what?

A

genetic disorders of spongiform changes in Hereford and poled shorthorn calves. caused by a deficiency of the enzyme: branched-chain ketoacid decarboxylase

60
Q

what day of gestation can pregnancy be confirmed on US?

A

28

61
Q

at what point in gestation can you feel placentomes and bilateral uterine artery fremitus?

A

at least 7 months

62
Q

hydrops allantois (hydroallantois)

A

disorder of placenta

px for fetus and fertility of the cow is poor

NAVLE ok... (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions