Small Ruminants Flashcards
Caseous lymphadenitis
Species
Agent
CS
Goats
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
CS: abscessation of supramammary lymph nodes, weight loss, potential herd and public health problem
Caprine arthritis encephalomyelitis (CAE) Common disease name CS in adults CS in kids Tx
“Hardbag” - seen in goats
CS in adults: udder fibrosis and results in firm udder w/ agalactia, arthritis
CS in kids: leukoencephalomyelitis and polysynovitis-arthritis
Tx: cull the goat
Contagious erythema
Common disease name
CS
Is it contagious or zoonotic?
Orf
CS: young goats <1 yr have scabby lesions around mouthes, noses, low-grade fever, anorexic, fall behind in weight group
It is both contagious and zoonotic!
- the scabs fall off in 2 - 4 weeks and that is how it is transmitted the next year
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis Common disease name CS Post mortem lesions Unique fact
Johne’s disease! = Mycobacterium paratuberuclosis
CS: muscle mass loss, weak, not lactating effectively
Lesions: thickened ileocolic area, mesenteric LN are enlarged
- The disease does NOT cause obvious diarrhea in goats like it does in cows. But it does result in albumin loss through the gut causing weight loss that can be rapid.
Rumen acidosis
Cause
Pathophys
CS
Cause: grain overload
- Too much carbs leads to overgrowth of strep. Bovis and other gram (+) bacteria
- This lowers the rumen pH to 4.5
- This increases lactic acid and lactobacilli overgrowth leading to more production of lactic acid
- The goat cant metabolize D-lactic acid and lactic acidosis results
CS: rapid HR, depression, anorexia, fluid-filled rumen, scleral injection, diarrhea, staggering
Eimeria
CS
Dx
Tx
CS: diarrhea 2 - 3 weaks after weaning at 6 weeks of age
Dx: numerous Eimeria cysts in feces
Tx: feed coccidiostat preventative to kids at weaning
Grass tetany
Deficiency in what?
In what animals is it seen in?
What is the nutrient impt for?
Mg deficiency
Seen in lactating animals in the SPRING on well-fertilized pastures (green, legume pastures) high in N and K.
Mg is impt for nervous system function and many enzymatic reactions.
Nutritional Myodegeneration Deficiency in what? Common disease name CS Lesions Dx Prevention
Selenium and Vit E deficiency - affects heart and skeletal muscle
“White muscle disease”
CS: weakness, stiffness, some die
Lesions: pale white streaks in bundles of skeletal muscle of limbs and diaphragm
Dx: assess herd Se level: take whole blood from 20 random sheep
Prevention: supplement
Polioencephalomalacia
Deficiency in what nutrient?
How is it induced?
CS
Thiamine deficiency
Induced by grain feeding resulting in thiaminase-producing bacteria multiplying rumen and destroying thiamine causing polio
CS: strongest animals will get sick first
Copper deficiency Species Disease name Cause CS Pathology It is the most common cause of \_\_\_\_\_\_ in sheep?
Goats and sheep
“Enzootic ataxia”
Can be primary (not intaking enouch Cu) or secondary (diets high in other things like sulfur, Fe, Zn, etc that inhibit absorption of Cu)
CS: microcytic anemia, faded hair, heart failure, infertility, swollen joints, gastric ulcers, diarrhea, ADR
Pathology: dark, hemoglobin filled kidneys “gun metal blue”
The Most common cause of hemolytic anemia in sheep and causes an acute hemolytic crisis
What are the two neurologic diseases seen with Cu deficiency?
What are some CS seen with this?
- Enzootic ataxia - seen in lambs 1 - 2m old
- Swayback - seen congenitally
CS: ascending paralysis, incoordination, muscle atrophy, weakness.
CS of pneumothorax and collapsed lung
Absence of dorsal lung sounds
Audible ventral lung sounds
Dyspnea, tachypnea and normal temperature
What is the ringworm found in goats?
T. Verrucosum
What is the gestation length of a goat? Sheep?
goat: 150 days
Sheep: 152 days
Remember a pig’s gestation length is 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days = 115 days
Beta mannosidosis Species Breed Pathophys CS
Anglo-Nubian goats
A genetic deficiency where the plasma level of an enzyme is deficient (zero) that causes fatal neurological symptoms
CS: inability to stand since birth, short sternum, shortened and domed head with short curled ears, head tremor, carpal contractures, no suckle reflex
Dehorning
Can lead to what complications?
Which sinus is likely involved?
Sinusitis
Frontal sinus involvement
What sinus is involved in dental disease?
Maxillary sinus
Footrot
Agent
CS
What agent may be present secondarily?
Agent: Dichelobacter nodosus
CS: malodorous exudate and partial separation of the horn of the hoof from the skin.
Fusobacterium necrophorum may be present secondarily
Udder papillomas
Seen in which breed? What does it tend to develop into?
CS
Px
Seen in Saanen goats - tends to develop into SCC
CS: udder lesions that developed from warts, will see multiple in herd
Px: poor for dairy goats
Dermatophilus congolensis Disease common name CS Dx Tx
“Strawberry foot rot” (dermatophilus congolensis)
CS: crusting lesions around coronary band during mosit winters. Pink granulation tissue under crusts. Will see multiple in herd
Dx: cytology = branching “railroad tracks” of cocci bavteria. Affected by younger animals more severely
Tx: footbath, isolating or culling animals since its contagious
Mycoplasma mycoides Species CS in does and kids Transmission Treatment and px
Seen in goats
CS in does: mastitis (firm udders, brownish watery milk); febrile & depressed
CS in kids: fibrinopurulent polyarthritis, pneumonia, fever, unwilling to move
Transmission: transmammary and aerosol. Carrier goats maintain infection in herd. In adults, transmitted via external auditory meatus or direct inhalation
Treatment: tetracyclines
Px: complete recovery guarded. Culling may be recommended
Bluetongue Species Transmission CS in pregnant ewes CS in non-pregnant sheep
Sheep
Transmission: vectorbrone - culicoides gnat or small midge; sexually; transplacentally
CS in pregnant: lambs with hydranencephaly (cerebral hemispheres absent and replaced with sacs of fluid
CS in non-pregnant: generalized vasculitis, fever, edema of ears and face, loss of oral mucosa, leukopenia, cyanosis of tongue
Manheimia hemolytica
Species
What does it cause?
What is the common disease name?
Sheep
Causes enzootic pneumonia and gangrenous mastitis
“Blue bag”
(Vs “hardbag” which is caprine arthritis encephalomyelitis virus in goats)
Infectious KCS When does it occur? CS Tx Two organisms that cause it?
Occurs after severe weather - driving wind or snow
CS: lots of pregnant ewes suddenly become blind, photophobic, blepharospasm, epiphora, conjunctivits, keratitis, corneal ulceration
Tx: topical/systemic oxytetracycline
2 organisms: mycoplasma + chlamydia
Lepto
Species
CS of lambs
Dx
CS of lambs: acute hemolytic anemia, interstitial nephritis and tubular necrosis
Dx: immunoperoxidase staining of renal tissue
Big head disease Species Causative agents How its contracted CS Tx Control
Sheep
Clostridium novyi or C. Sordelli
Caused when the organism enters wounds sustained from head butting activities.
CS: swelling and edema of face, dull, depressed, pyrexic, congested mm
Tx: penicillin
Control: reduce head wounds and vaccinate with multivalent clostridial toxoids
What is the most significant cause of abortion in sheep in the US?
What are the other most common causes of abortion in sheep?
Campylobacter or vibriosis infection
C. Jejuni and C. Fetus
Tetanus
Most likely clinical sign in sheep
CS
Most likely clinical sign: trismus = spasm of the jaw muscles causing the mouth to remain tightly closed
aka “sardonic grin”
CS: stiffness or lameness in a limb ascending to generalized stiffness, raised tail head, saw-horse stance, rigid paralysis, pyrexia
What species is the carrier of malignant catarrahal fever?
How can it be controlled?
Carrier and reservoir = sheep
Controlled: thru genetic testing
Gangrenous mastitis Caused by: When is it likely to occur? What is it associated with? CS Px:
Caused by: Manheimia & Staph aureus
Likely to occur during the first 3 months of lactation
Associated with poor milk supply due to ewe undernutrition and over vigorous suckling by lambs
CS: enlarged udder, cold, blue and black. Serosanguinous milk that is foul-smelling
Px: grave - gangrenous udder tissue eventually sloughs leaving a large granulating surface with superficial bacterial infection
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
Causative agent
Common disease name
What does it cause?
Causative agent: lentivirus
Maedi-Visna virus
Causes a chronic, progressive condition that has no clinical signs as long as they dont develop secondary bacterial pneumonia.
(This is in contrast to pasteurella pneumonia, which tends to be more acute).
Larval hypersensitivity Species Disease name What happens CS Dx Tx
Sheep
Oestrus ovis infestation
Adult flies deposit larvae around nostrils; larvae migrate up nasal passages into turbinates and sinuses.
CS: nasal dsicharge and face rubbing
Dx: cytoogy = numerous eosinophils and mast cells
Tx: ivermectin
Most common urolith seen in sheep
why?
Calcium carbonate
Due to grazing over lush clover pastures that are high in Ca and oxalates
Ruptured bladder
CS
Clin path abnormalities
CS: straining to urinate, anorectic, depressed, no rumen motility, ammonia smelling breath, TPR is normal
Clin path abnormalities: HypoNa, hypoCl, hyperP, hemoconcentration, increased Crt
Pregnancy toxemia
Species
How it occurs
Sheep
Occurs in ewes in the last 2 - 4 weeks of gestation secondary to insufficient energy intake. The negative energy balance is unable to produce enough oxaloacetate to feed into the citrus cycle. This results in mobilization of fat and subsequent production of ketones.
Ovine Hereditary Chondrodysplasia
Common disease name
Seen in what breed
What does it cause
Spider lamb syndrome
Suffolk sheep
Causes severe carpus valgus chrondrodysplasia from an autosomal recessive trait
Organophosphate toxicity
What is the MOA
Tx
Acts by inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase causing muscarinic signs including hypersalivation, incoordination and bloat
Tx: high doses of atropine or pralidoxime (2-PAM)
in sheep use atropine
Whitten effect or buck effect
Introduction of a new male that induces sheep and goates to ovulate at the same time
Sheep keds What do they look like? How do you tell them apart? What do they feed on? CS
Wingless flies
Look a lot like ticks but you can tell them apart by counting legs:
Ticks - 8 legs
Sheep keds (Melophagus ovinus) - 6 legs
Adults feed on blood
CS: pruritus, stained wool, potentially anemia
How many teeth do goats have?
32
How many teeth do sheep have?
32
What is the most common GI nematode in small ruminants?
CS
Tx
Haemonchus contortus
CS: failure to thrive, weight loss
Severe signs include: bottle jaw (pitting edema) and anemia
Tx: use drugs therapeutically, only de-worm animals with high worm burden
Estrus cycle of sheep?
17 days
Estrus cycle of goats?
21 days
What is a difference between sheep and goats with regards to CLs?
What is the significance?
Sheep are no longer CL dependent after 75 days into the gestation period; the placenta produces progesterone itself.
This means that you cannot use Lutalyse (PGF-2-alpha) to induce abortionin sheep past 75 days; while you still can in goats
What type of placenta do goats and sheep have/
Same as the cow –> a cotyledonary placenta
enterotoxemia aka pulpy kidney disease aka overeating disease cause pathophys CS Tx Prevention
clostridium perfringens type D
heavy grain feeding or rich pasture; type D prototoxin elaborates and is activated - toxin increases intestinal permeability
CS: animals often found dead
Tx: penicillin
prevention: vaccinate
winter dysentery agent common history CS importance
bovine coronavirus
history: housed dairy cattle in the north during the winter, herd outbreak
CS: projectile diarrhea, mild resp. disease, drop in production
importance: economic loss, high morbidity, low mortality
what are the 3 common causes of calf diarrhea?
- ETEC < 3 days: only causs diarrhea in calves (not horses)
- sepsis < 5 days
- rotavirus 5d - 2 weeks: most common VIRAL cause of diarrhea
cryptosporidium parvum
when is it shed?
coccidian parasite
shed from 5 - 15 days
high morbidity
zoonotic
coccidiosis
Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zuernii
seen in older cattle during the summer and fall
Moniezia eggs shape what type of worm are they? describe lifecycle pathogenic?
they are rectangular or square in shape
they are a tapeworm
their lifecycle involves oribatid mites that live in teh soil and are ingested by the host.
they are typicaly nonpathogenic but may cause intestinal stasis
Clostiridum hemolyticum or Clostridial novyi type D time of year CS clin path pathophys
summer can cause acute death
CS: icteric, port wine colored urine, bloody diarrhea, ataxic, petechiation, blank stares
clin path: anemia, asoztemia, hyperbilirubin
infection of the liver by migrating flukes (fasciola hepatica) result in anaerobic tracks that allow clostridium to bloom and cause disease
what age group gets sick with anaplasma marginale?
adults; especially if they just travelled and are new to the herd
ostertagia
CS
lesions
CS: acute watery diarrhea, petechia
lesions: worms and petechia in abomasum, the wall of the abomasum will look like “moroccan leather” - a nodular “cobblestone” appearance that is worst in the fundus
corynebacterium renale
what it does
CS
cause of pyelonephritis in post-partum cows from bacteria entering thru the urethra
CS: renal swelling and pain (grinding teeth) fever, loss of appetite
what is the appropriate minimum egg count at which ou should plan to deworm calves?
300 eggs per gram of feces
white muscle disease
Vit E & Selenium deficiency
has 2 forms: an acute cardiac form in which the animals just show up dead, or a skeletal muscle form: dyspnea, frothy nasal discharge
lesions: bilaterally symmetric muscular atrophy, skeletal muscle is pale and dry with white streaks. calves can have trouble getting up and have swollen, hard, painful muscle
maple syrup disease
enzyme deficiency of what?
genetic disorders of spongiform changes in Hereford and poled shorthorn calves. caused by a deficiency of the enzyme: branched-chain ketoacid decarboxylase
what day of gestation can pregnancy be confirmed on US?
28
at what point in gestation can you feel placentomes and bilateral uterine artery fremitus?
at least 7 months
hydrops allantois (hydroallantois)
disorder of placenta
px for fetus and fertility of the cow is poor
