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NAVLE ok... > small animal GI > Flashcards

small animal GI Flashcards

1
Q

sailocele

A

accumulation of saliva in SQ tissue due to salivary duct obstruction/rupture

just open and drain mass then remove salivary gland

no biggie

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2
Q

what breeds are likely to have sialadenosis (inflammation of salivary gland)

A

GSD

small terriers

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3
Q

clinical features of sialadenosis

A
  • painless
  • mandibular most common!
  • episodic ptyalism
  • dysphagia
  • regurge/vomiting
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4
Q

dx and tx of sialadenosis

A

dx: via exclusion

treat it like a seizure (for w/e reason): phenobarbital

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5
Q

3 different type of epulides and their characteristics

A
  1. fibromatous: seen in boxers
  2. ossifying more aggressive; includes bone
  3. acanthomatous - benign but is very locally invasive
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6
Q

what breeds are predisposed to eosinophilic granulomas

A

huskies

cavalier king charles spaniel

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7
Q

cats are most likely to get what kind of oral neoplasia?

A

SCC

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8
Q

feline eosinophilic granuloma
CS
diagnosis

A

CS: presence of ulcerated mass on base of tongue, hard palate, etc., may have concurrent cutaneous lesions

dx: deep biopsy

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9
Q

feline eosinophilic granuloma
Tx
px

A

Tx: prednisolone, cyclosporine, chorambucil

px: young cats have better prognosis

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10
Q

stomatitis
etiology
CS

A

etiology: inflammation of mucus lining of any structures of the mouth. can cause renal failure or immune mediated disease if left untreated
CS: thick saliva, halitosis and suuuper painful

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11
Q

stomatitis
dx
tx

A

dx: biopsy/histopath
tx: symptomatic - abx, analgesics, oral rinses, etc. salvage procedure is to take out all the teeth

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12
Q

feline lymphocytic-plasmacytic stomatitis
CS
Dx
Tx

A

CS: most common = anorexia/painful, halitosis and dental neck lesions

dx: biopsy!
tx: teeth extraction - remove all of them! does better

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13
Q

cleft palate
classification: primary vs. secondary
CS
tx

A

primary: cleft lip (hare lip)
secondary: roof of mouth (hard/soft palate)

CS: cant suck or nurse, aspiration pneumonia

tx: wait until 3 -4 months then surgery

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14
Q

masticatory muscle myositis
etiology
acute CS vs chronic CS

A

immune mediated - circulating antibodies (IgG) to type 2M myofibers

CS: young-middle aged dogs - large breed
acute: painful swelling of temporalis/masseter muscles, exophthalmus, pyrexia, pain on palpation of muscles and trying to open mouth

chronic: more common - severe atrophy of temporalis/masseter muscles, difficulting opening mouth

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15
Q

masticatory muscle myositis
dx
tx

A

dx: elevated CK, AST, globulin
tx: pred!

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16
Q

cricopharyngeal achlasia dysfunction

A

incoordination between cricophyarngeus m. and swallowing reflex

seen in young dogs; congenital

dx via barium study
tx: surgery - cut the cricopharyngeal muscle

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17
Q 
pharyngeal dysphagia/dysfunction
etiology
CS
dx
tx
A

etiology: acquired - inability to form food bolus at base of tonge and propel down esophagus (CN 9 & 10)

CS: seen in older animals, regurgitation during swallowing

dx: barium study
tx: treat underlying myasthenia gravis

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18
Q

what is an important factor in determining location of esophageal weakness?

A

the presence or absence of dysphagia with regurgitation.

if there is dysphagia - that localizes the dysfunction to the level of the oral, pharyngeal or cricophyarngeal region

if there is NO dysphagia, that localizes the issue to general esophageal dysfunction (obstruction or muscle weakness)

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19
Q

what treatment is available for congenital esophgeal weakness and megaesophagus?

A

there is no definitive treatment but supportive care includes:

  • dietary modification: small and frequent meals
  • elevated feeding
  • gastrotomy tubes
20
Q

what are the clincal signs of acquired esophgeal weakness and megaesophagus?

A

CS: regurgitation, cough, weight loss, excessive drooling

21
Q

how do you dx acquired esophgeal weakness and megaesophagus?

A
  • thoracic rads
  • confirm megaesophagus via ACh receptor antibody titer
  • hypothyroidism and addison’s can also be uncommon causes
22
Q

pathophys of myasthenia gravis

A

Ab to nicotinic Ach receptors bind at the NMJ and prevent activation of skeletal muscle.

23
Q

how can you diagnose acquired myasthenia gravis?

A

tensilon test - give endrophonium and they will be able to move normally for like 10 seconds

24
Q

how do you treat myasthenia gravis?

A

pyridostigmine and neostigmine

25
Q

what meds can cause esophagitis in cats?

A

doxy and tetracycline

26
Q

what is the etiology and clinical features of esophagitis?

how do you dx it?

A

reflux, persistent vomiting, regurge, drooling

dx = esophagoscopy

27
Q

how do you treat esophagitis?

A
  1. decrease acidity of stomch: famotidine (H2 antagonist) and omeprazole
  2. prevent reflux: metoclopramide (increases LES tone), cisapride
  3. esophageal protectants: sucralfate
  4. Abx for anaerobes: amoxicillin, clindamycin
28
Q

etiology of hiatal hernia: sliding and peri-esophageal

A

sliding: cranial displacement of esophagus and stomach into mediastinum thru hiatus

29
Q

hiatal hernia: CS, dx and tx

A

CS: intermittent reflux esophagitis (regurge, vomiting, ptyalism)

dx: rads while placing pressure on abdomen
tx: medical: famotidine (H2 antagonist to decrease acidity), sucralfate (mucosal protectant), cisapride/metoclopramide (increase LES tone).
tx: sx: diaphragmatic crural apposition, esophagopexy, gastropexy

30
Q

vascular ring anomalies:
etiology
CS

A
  • congenital defect - PRAA most common

CS: regurge is most common sign. signs begin after switching to solid food

31
Q

vascular ring dx and tx

A

dx: rads - will see esophgeal dilation cranial to herat. contrast esophagram is definitive diagnosis.
sx: resection of anomalous vessel

32
Q

foreign body in esophagus: what are the 3 most common locations

A
  1. thoracic inlet
  2. base of heart - the worst
  3. immediately cranial to diaphragm
33
Q

esophageal stricture

etiology and CS

A

etiology: can be caused by esophgagitis or FB or reflux while under anesthesia

CS: regurge, reflux during anesthesia, anorexia

34
Q

esophogeal stricture dx and tx

A

dx: contrast esophgrams, esophagoscopy
tx: esophageal ballooning (may require multiple procedures), esophagitis therapy: omeprazole and sucralfate

35
Q

what esophgeal neoplasia is most common in cats?

A

SCC!

36
Q

what esophgeal neoplasia is most common in dogs? what is special about it?

A

leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma at the LES

it is curative!!

37
Q 
hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
signalment
CS
dx
tx
A
  • small dogs more common
  • CS: hemmorhagic diarrhea, hematochezia (fresh blood in stool rasperry jam appearance), hematoemesis
  • dx: presumptive: increased PCV, normal TS
  • tx: IV fluids, NPO, antiemetics, PPI, fenbendazole
38
Q

chronic gastritis
etiology
CS

A
  • etiology: lymphocytic/plasmacytic = most common - an initial defect in mucosal barrier followed by immune mediated inflammatory reaction (antigen)
  • CS: anorexia, chronic vomiting, weight loss, melena
39
Q

chronic gastritis
dx
tx

A

dx: histopath is required!
tx before biopsy: dietary therapy low fat, low fiber, novel protein, H2 receptor anatogonists (famotidine)
tx after biopsy: corticosteroids, immuno-suppressants (cyclosporine, azathioprine)

40
Q

px of chronic gastritis for cats and dogs

A

cats: lymphocytic gastritis will progress to LSA
dogs: good for lymphocytic/plasmacytic gastritis and eosinophilic gastritis

41
Q

helicobacter associated disease

A

a spirochete bacteria gram (-)
- usually asymotomatic (sometimes have signs of gastritis)
- dx via giemsa stain
- tx w/ metronidazole, omeprazole, amoxicillin
usually respond well

42
Q

what breeds are susceptible to chronic hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy (aka pyloric stenosis)

A

congenital: brachycephalic breeds and siamese cats
acquired: lhasa apso, shih tzu, pekingese, poodle

43
Q

signs and dx of chronic hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy

A

CS: chronic VOMITING shortly after eating (not regurge!)
dx: hypoCl, hypoK, metabolic alkalosis, imaging to show obstruction, histopath to rule out infiltrative dz like neoplasia

44
Q

tx of chronic hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy

A

surgery - pyloroplasty

45
Q

how do you dx GDV?

A

hypothermia
VPCs, v-tach
rads (R lateral)
hypoK, high lactate

46
Q

what is an underlying etiology of GI ulceration erosion other than NSAIDs and how do you dx it?

A

addisons (hypoadrenocorticism) - check Na:K ratio <20 = diagnostic

NAVLE ok... (18 decks)

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