Antibiotics

Question 1

Pencillinase-resistant penicillins:
What does it treat?
What is it particularly good against?

Answer 1

Penicillinase producing gram positive cocci

Staphlococcus

Question 2

Aminopenicllins:
What does it treat?
What are examples?

Answer 2

Broad spectrum - gram + and gram -

Ampicillin, amoxicillin

Question 3

Extended stpectrum penicillins:
What does it treat?
What is it particularly good against?
Give examples

Answer 3

Gram positive, additional gram (-) activity than other penicillins
Good against pseudomonas
Ex: ticarcillin, piperacillin

Question 4

Potentiated penicillins:
What does it work against?
Give examples

Answer 4

Works against beta-lactamases

Clavamox, timentin

Question 5

What species should penicillins never be used in?

Why?

Answer 5

Rodents and lagomorphs

Elimination of gram positive gut flora can lead to fatal colibacillosis

Question 6

Cephalosporins

What does it treat?

Answer 6

Beta-lactams, gram (+) and gram (-), anaerobes

Bactericidal

Question 7

1st generation cephalopsorins
What does it treat?
examples

Answer 7

Most gram (+); bad against gram (-)
Cefazolin and Cephalexin

Question 8

2nd generation cephalosporins

Answer 8

Not very popular

Gram + activity, expanded gram(-) activity

Question 9

3rd generation cephalosporins
Examples
What disease is it good for?

Answer 9

Gram (+) activity; expanded gram (-) activity
Ceftiofur
BVD - no withdawal time

Question 10

Aminoglycosides
What does it treat?
What is it particularly good against?
Give examples
What toxicity do you need to watch for?

Answer 10

Primary gram (-) aerobes, some gram positive: bactericidal
Pseudomonas, staphylococcus, atypical mycobacterium (nocardia/actinomyces)

Ex: gentamicin, neomycin
Toxic: nephrotoxic, ototoxic

Question 11

Fluoroquinolones
What does it treat
What is it particularly good against?
Contraindicated in what instance?

Answer 11

Good gram (-) aerobes, facultative anaerobes
Atypical mycobacterium, chlamydia, mycoplasma, erhlichia, BRD
Enrofloxacin, ciproflacin
Contraindicated: in puppies bc it causes cartilage defects

Question 12

Sulfonamides
What does it treat?
Side effects?

Answer 12

Gram positives, easy gram (-), anaerobes
Nocardia, actinomyces
Most drug side effects: allergic rxn, hepatotoxic, KCS, hypoT, crystalluria, anemia, bone marrow toxicity

Question 13

Tetracyclines
What does it treat
What is it particularly good against?
What are some examples
What are side effects?

Answer 13

Treats gram (+), easy gram (-)
Mycoplasma, spirochetes, chlamydia, rickettsia, hemobartonella, brucella
Ex: oxytetracycline, tetracycline, doxycline
Doxycycline: stains teeth enamel in puppies
Chloramphenicol: causes aplastic anemia in humans

Question 14

Lincosamides:
What does it treat?
Contraindications?

Answer 14

Gram positive aerobes, anaerobes

Contraindicated in rabbits, rodents, horses, and ruminants

Question 15

Macrolides
What does it treat against?
What are some specific examples of drugs and their bugs?
Toxicity

Answer 15

Gram (+), select gram (-)
Great for pulmonary infections
Erythromycin - rhodococcus equi (in combo w/ rifampin)
Tilmicosin - BRD 
Toxicity: in primates, horses and swine

Question 16

Metronidazole

What does it treat?

Answer 16

Bactericidal and antiprotozoal

Immunomodulator in IBF

Question 17

Rifampin

When is it used?

Answer 17

Used to treat rhodococcus equi in combo with erythromycin

Question 18

What type of bacteria is most often found in septic peritonitis?

Answer 18

Mixed + anerobes

E. Coli is VERY common

Question 19

What abx should be used for septic peritonitis?

Answer 19

Penicillin (potentiated) + fluoroquinolone or 3rd generation cephalorporin

Question 20

What abx should be used for GI disease?

Answer 20

Abx is rarely indicated for GI disease
If hemorrhagic, consider treating for clostridia with metronidazole
If severe GI disease, could be salmonella - use fluoroquinolone

Question 21

What abx should be used for parvo? Why?

Answer 21

Aminoglycosides - they are drug of chioce for neutropenic sepsis (amikacin)

Question 22

what bug is most commonly found in Urinary tract infections?

What should you treat it with?

Answer 22

E. Coli #1 agent

Most things - 1st generation cephalosporin (cefazolin, cephalexin) or pencillin

Question 23

What should be used in complex cystitis (UTI + sick)?

Answer 23

Broader spectrum antimicrobial like a potentiated penicillin (clavamox) or a penicillin + fluoroquinolone)

Aminoglycoside can also be used but NOT if patient has kidney disease

Question 24

What should be used in AKI with pyelonephritis?

Answer 24

If no previous antimicrobial - potentiated penicillin or penicillin + flouroquinolone

If hx of previous drug use, use potentiated penicillin + chloramphenicol

If in lepto endemic area - use a penicillin or doxycycline

Question 25

Abx that should be used for animal bites

Answer 25

If mild - penicillins (amoxicillin), if want bigger guns use potentiated penicillins (clavamox)

Question 26

Abx that should be used for wounds that are not dog bites?

Answer 26

This will likely be a gram (+) infection

Use 1st generation cephalosporins (cefazolin or cephalexin)

Question 27

Abx that should be used for surgical wounds?

Answer 27

These wounds are hospital acquired infections and have history of antimicrobial use so you need bigger guns

• potentiated penicillin or clindamycin + aminoglycoside (synergizes against MRSA and enterococcus)
• clindamycin or potentiated penicillin + chloramphenicol
• TMS if MRSA suspected

Question 28

Penicillin beta-lactams

Answer 28

Gram positives
Gram negatives
Anareobes
Bactericidal