Equine Flashcards

1
Q

Bone Spavin

A

DJD of the hock (tibiotarsal joint) terminating in the formation of exostoses (cartilaginous outgrowths on bone) and akylosis (abnormal stiffening) of the joint

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2
Q

Bucked shins

A

Front limb lameness in young (2-3y) thoroughbred or racing QH.
Aka metacarpal periostitis
Metacarpal bone painful on manual compression
Likely due to microfractures in bone from compression due to intense exercise

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3
Q

Bog Spavin

A

Chronic synovitis in the hock (tibiotarsal jiont) causing obvious distension of joint capsule.

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4
Q

what clin path things do you look for on bloodwork that indicates a muscle injury?

A
creatinine kinase (CK)
aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
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5
Q

Exertional rhabdomyolysis
CS
tx

A
"tying up"
muscle necrosis related to exertion
high Crt, CK, AST 
myoglobinuria
Tx: rest, NSAIDs, fluids, dantrolene sodium and methocarbamol
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6
Q

post anesthesic myopathy
CS
tx

A
localized painful, swollen muscle
non-weight bearing on affected limbs
increased HR and RR
increased CK and AST and myoglobinuria
tx: same as exertional rhabdomyolysis
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7
Q

how many joint spaces are in the carpus, stifle and hock

A

carpus and stifle: 3

hock: 4

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8
Q

which joint spaces communicate in the stifle ?

A

bottom two: the intermediate carpal joint and carpal-metacarpal joint

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9
Q

which joints comunicate in the hock?

A

top two: tarsocrual joint and proximal intertarsal joint

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10
Q
polysaccharide storage myopathy
seen in what breeds?
pathophys
CS
Dx
management
A

quarterhorses, warmbloods and draft breeds
muscle cannot generate enough energy so they uptake glucose and insulin creating enzyme imbalance and increased synthesis of less branched glycogen
dx: muscle biopsy - (+) for PAS (polysaccharide storage myopathy)
management: consistent exrcise, diet low in carbs and sugar, decrease grass hay

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11
Q

what joint spaces communicate in the stifle?

A

the femorpatellar joint and hte medial femuro-tibial jiont

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12
Q

recurrent exertional rhabdo
seen in what breeds?
Dx
management

A

seen in thoroughbreds

dx: muscle biopsy - increased # of central nuclei
management: like polysaccharide storage myopathy - consistent exercise; diet low in carbs and sugar and low in grass hay

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13
Q

where does the DDF insert?

A

palmar side of P3

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14
Q

where does the suspensory ligament originate and insert?

A

O: from mid cannon (MC3)
I: onto the dorsal digital extensor ligament at the level of P2

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15
Q

where does the SDF insert?

A

into the DDF at the level of the pastern joint (P1 & P2)

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16
Q

annular ligament - where the heck is it?

A

runs laterally like a bracelet just proximal to the fetlock (metacarpal-phalangeal joint)

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17
Q

proximal digital annular joint - where is it?

A

crosses like an “X” on the palmar side of the fetlock joint

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18
Q
hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
seen in what breed?
CS
Dx
Tx and management
A

quarterhorses - autosomal DOMINANT
mutation of Na channels –> hyperexcitable muscles
CS: muscle fasciulations, prolapse of third eyelid, facial muscle spasm
dx: DNA blood or hair test (HH - definitely have it, NH - carriers)
Tx: decrease K levels in plasma. mild: give karyo syrup and grain. severe: give IV bicarb, dextrose, Ca gluconate and insulin
management: diet low in K (no alfalfa, bran or molasses), regular exercise, acetazolamide (increases K excretion in urine)

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19
Q

white muscle disease - nutritional myodegeneration - nutritional muscular dystrophy
CS

A

non-inflammaotry degenerative disease of skeletal muscle and cardiac m.
caused by deficiency in Vit. E & Selenium
CS has 3 forms:
cardiac form: seen in foals - acute onset of cardiac decompnesation (heart murmurs, pulmonary edema, dyspnea)
subacute skeletal form: foals - weakness, stiff and spastic gait, tense and painful muscles, dysphagia
chronic myopathy: ADULT horses - masseter atrophy and degeneration - dysphagia, inability to eat, etc.

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20
Q

white muscle disease - dx and tx

A

Dx: incrased CK, AS, low Se and glutathione
Tx: Vit E/Se injections, oral supplementation

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21
Q

clostridial myonecrosis
agent
pathophys
how to tell the difference between clostridial myonecrosis vs injection site abscess

A

agent: C. perfringens Type A
occurs most commonly due to injections

will see gram (+) rods and will have anaerobic culture

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22
Q

clostridial myonecrosis
CS
Tx

A

CS: rapid onset of severe local swelling, heat, pain and crepitus, high fever and tachycardia –> severe toxemia, shock and death

tx: penicillin - double dose every 4 - 6 hours, supportive care, debridement and fasciotomy

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23
Q

how do you diagnose septic arthritis?

A

if TP > 2.5 and WBC > 20,000

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24
Q

what are the 4 most common locations for osteochondrosis in horses?

A

“DIRT” - distal intermediate ridge of tibia - in hock
lateral trochlear ridge of femur (cartilage flap)
medial condyle of femur (bone cyst)
fetlock - medial condylar ridge

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25
a flexural deformity of the fetlock and pastern involves what tendon and how is it treated?
SDF only tx: immoblize by splinting to allow tendons to relax can give oxytetracycline if foal <1 week
26
a flexural deformity of the coffin joint leads to what? what is it caused by and how is it treated?
deformity of coffin joint leads to club foot. treated by keeping toe long and adding extensions sx: cut inferior check ligament in severe cases can cut DDF but this is considered a salvage procedure only done in young foals <1 year
27
valgus is a what deformity? how is it treated?
lateral deformity shorten lateral wall and place medial extensions (place extension on side you want foot to grow!)
28
varus is a what deformity? how is it treated?
medial deformity shorten medial wall and place lateral extensions
29
what is sweeny?
inflammation of suprascapular nerve secondary to trauma of shoulder. common in driving horses tx = surgical release
30
fistulous withers - 3 causes
brucella abortis | fractured spinous process of thoracic vertebra penetrating trauma
31
what is a slab fracture?
fracture of the 3rd carpal bone
32
bucked shins
inflammation/stress re-modeling of dorsal MC3 (cannon bone)
33
splints | tx
bony exostosis (growth) of MC 2 & 4; traumatic may have secondary suspensory desmitis tx: NSAIDs, rest, neglect
34
breakdown injury | tx
disruption of suspensory apparatus (suspensory ligament, sesamoid bone, distal sesamoid ligament) tx w/ arthrodesis of fetlock
35
navicular disease CS tx
degenerative disease CS: switching leg lameness after palmar digital n. block dx = MRI gold standard Tx: rest, NSAIDs shoeing (egg bar shoe)
36
canker | tx
proliferative pododermatitis hypertrophy of horn-producing tissues of foot; most common in hindlimbs - looks like hairy growth around frog tx = debride and topical abx
37
sidebones
ossification of collateral cartilages of P3
38
quittor | tx
necrosis of collateral cartilages - most common in forelimb often happens due to injury near caudal coronary band tx: surgical excision
39
keratoma
tumor that develops in deep aspect of hoof wal
40
foot abscess
subsolar abscess *most common cause of non-weight bearing illness* dx = hoof testers, +/- blocks, rads tx = pare out with hoof knife, daily soaking and bandaging (no systemic abx!)
41
street nail dx tx px
can cause septic pedal osteitis and septic bursitis, non-weight baring, can be serious dx: rads, arthrocentesis (bursal fluid = increased protein & WBC) tx: arthroscopy, hospital plate px: guarded
42
seedy toe | tx
change in character of the horn such that the inner surface is crumbly and there may be a cavity due to lack of substance. will hear a hollow sound when tapped tx like absces
43
sheared heels | tx
asymmetry of heels due to imbalance resulting in one part of hte heel to hit the ground before the other. results in asymmetrical growth. tx w/ repeated trimmings
44
ringbone | tx
OA of the phalanges. | tx w/ arthrodesis
45
stringhalt | tx
involuntary FLEXION of the hindlimb, usually bilateral. | tx w/ lateral digital etensor tenectomy
46
jack spavin
cunean bursitis, irritation of cunean tendon as a result of bone growth on medial hock
47
thoroughpin
effusion of tarsal sheath (sheath of DDF)
48
suspensory desmitis - forelimb vs hindlimb
forelimb - Tx = medical; good px | hindlimb - tx = surgical; poor px
49
septic navicular bursa - common cause?
usually nail puncture - ALWAYS an emergency!!
50
peroneus tertius rupture
disrupts stay apparatus. | dx feature is ability to EXTEND hock while FLEXING the stifle simultaneously
51
abaxial sesamoid block: what does it block, where does needle go?
blocks: palmar digital nerves at fetlock, entire foot and pastern joint needle: between MC 3 and sesamoid bones
52
palmar/plantar pastern block
blocks: heel region and navicular needle: caudal aspect of distal P1 just proximal to bony protuberance of P2
53
4-point block needle block
blocks: palmar metacarpal/tarsal n.; entire fetlock and branches of suspensory ligament needle: distal aspect of splint bones, DDF and suspensory ligament
54
MUM block block needle
blocks: mid-forearm down (prox. radius and ulna) needle: musculocutaneous n. + ulnar n. + median n.
55
fractures of stylohyoid bone (the bone that cuts the guttoral pouch in half) can lead to CN signs from what nerves?
7; 9 - 12
56
what causes primary sinusitis?
streptococcus species | causes fluid/bacteria bulid up and blocks the nasomaxillary opening (which drains sinuses)
57
``` strangles CS Dx tx management ```
step equi - gram (+) CS: resp distress, CN deficits (dysphagia, facial paralysis) dx: culture or PCR, serology available Tx: if not showing clinical signs, dont give abx. only when showing clinical signs do you give penicillin management: must have 3 negative cultures before release from isolation. monitor spread with temps.
58
3 causes of episatxis
1. ethmoid hematoma - mass originates on ethmoids 2. GP mycosis - fungal invasion of GP that erodes vessels - this is what can lead to fatal hemorrhage - be VERY careful. 3. exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage - common in thoroughbreds after strenuous exercise. dx by seeing blood in trachea
59
TTW vs BAL
BAL - gets more cells, unsterile, less traumatic TTW - sterile sample! better for culture
60
what does heave line indicate?
chronic LOWER airway inflammation
61
inspiratory trouble =
upper airway issue
62
expiratory trouble =
lower airway issue
63
``` equine infleunza age transmission CS dx tx ```
``` younger animals (no carrier) transmission: inhalation CS: high fever, cough dx: PCR nasal swab tx: no therapy - supportive ```
64
``` equine herpesvirus age transmission CS dx tx ```
herpes 1 and 4 younger animals; latent carriers shed when stressed transmission: inhalation of nasal discharge, aborted fetuses or placenta CS: fever, nasal discharge dx: PCR nasal swab tx: self - limiting
65
what is the classic story of equine herpes in a herd?
foals get nasal discharge and get better. then 4 months later, mares that are 7 - 11 months pregnant will have an abortion storm
66
rhodococcus equi age transmission tx
foals 1 - 6m old transmission: inhalation; forms abscesses in lungs tx: macrolide (azithromycin or clarithromycin) + rifampin *remember macrolides kill adults so wipe foal's mouth after
67
recurrent airway obstruction and inflammatory airway disease (non-infectious causes of pneumonia) leads to what clinical sign? explain the pathophys
end expiratory wheezes as lung volume decreases during expiration, the narrowed bronchioles collapse shut. this traps air distal to the closure and creates the wheezes heard as airways narrow toward the end of expiration.
68
what is RAO? what is a common sign? how is recurrent airway obstruction managed? its seen in which horse most?
its an allergic disease like asthma heave line manage by reducing inflammation - use STEROIDS (systemic: dexamethasone or prednisolone and inhaled: fluticasone) manage by reducing bronchospasm: oral - aminophylline/pentoxyfylline. inhaled - albuterol. in emergency - atropine seen in adult horses (mature)
69
equine viral arteritis transmission CS dx
arteritis transmission: venereal w/ resp secretions CS: fever, conjunctvitis, eyelid swelling, abortion, photophobia dx: serology reportable!!!
70
equine lungworm dx tx
``` Dictyocaulus arnfeldi horses pastured with donkeys!!! will look like heaves case L3 = infective stage primary sign = cough dx: baermann tx: ivermectin, moxidectin, fenbendazole ```
71
equine adenovirus
upper resp tract virus normally can cause lower rest tract in immunocompromised horses - especially foals *most common cause of death in foals with failure of passive transfer*
72
what CN is responsible for menace?
CN 2 & 3
73
what CN is responsible for palpebral?
CN 5 & 7
74
what CN is repsonsible for PLRs?
2 and 3
75
what CN is responsible for dazzle?
CN 2 & 7
76
CN for eye position
4 & 6
77
which nerve blocks sensation to upper lid?
frontal nerve block
78
what nerve block blocks motor to orbicularis oculi?
auriculopalpebral nerve block
79
``` equine recurrent uveitis common disease name common in what horse? autoimmune disease related to what? what is a common sign of chronic inflammation in this disease? dx therapy ```
moon blindness appaloosas predisposed autoimmune disease in which lepto may play a role common sign of chronic inflammation = corpora nigra atrophy dx: uveitis w/ no ulcer that recurs therapy: reduce inflammation, if lepto give doxycycline. on eye - topical NSAIDs, topical corticosteroids, atropine
80
musca autumnalis vector for what disease?
face fly of horses and transmits larvae from one horse to anotherr. is the most common vector for tehlazia lacrymalis in horses
81
what are the clinical signs of horner's in the horse?
1. sweating (ipsilateral head and neck) 2. enophthalmos (sinking of eyeball) 3. ptosis (drooping) 4. miosis (constricted pupil) 5. prolapsed 3rd eyelid (the only CS that is different from small animal is sweating)
82
most common causes (2) of colic in the foal?
1. meconium impaction | 2. gastric ulcers
83
lethal white foal syndrome
overo x overo | intestinal aganlionosis = colic
84
what does bloodwork look like for Fe deficiency?
microcytic, hypochromic non-regenerative anemia
85
``` equine infectious anemia transmission CS dx tx ```
REPORTABLE retrovirus transmitted by horse flies or deer flies CS: acute (hemolytic anemia, petechiae), chronic (mild anemia and thrombocytopenia), lifelong infection - no signs unless stressed Dx: Coggins test!! Tx: none - euthanasia
86
Theileria equi what is it? what does it cause? how is the dz treated?
intra-RBC parasite that ruptures RBCs as they multiply transmitted by infected ticks to horses vector for equine piroplasmosis - REPORTABLE! dx: serology tx: imdiocarb
87
red maple leaf toxicosis
gallic acid - strong oxidant causes hemoyiss and enhanced methemoglobin formation no tx
88
moldy sweet clover
blocks vitamin K dependent factors just like warfarin when you see moldy sweet clover, just think of warfarin bc they have the same treatment
89
``` equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent transmission CS clin path changes dx tx ```
agent: anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly Ehrlichia equi) transmission: tick borne CS: fever, anorexia, vasculitis, icteris, petechia, ataxia clin path changes: neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, hyperfibrinogen, mild anemia *intra-cytoplasmic granular inclusion bodies* dx: PCR on blood tx: oxytet
90
``` Pigeon fever agent transmission CS dx tx ```
corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis transmission: flies or fomites (mechanical only) CS: external abscess, internal abscess, ulcerative lymphagitis dx: culture abscess or synergistic hemolysis inhibition test (SHITest) tx: allow external abscess to mature, internal abscess needs systemic abx
91
which liver enzymes are indications of hepatocellular disease
SDH and AST
92
which liver enzymes are indications of biliary disease?
GGT & ALP
93
which enzymes are a measure of liver function?
bilirubin and bile acids
94
dorso-medial strabismus is indication that which nerve is abnormal?
CN 4 (trochlear) bc it innervates the dorsal oblique m.
95
medial strabsimus is indication that which nerve is abnormal?
CN 6 (abducent) bc it innervates lateral rectus and retractor bulbi
96
``` equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) transmitted by which parasite? who is DH? IH? CS Dx lesions tx ```
sarcocystis neurona DH = opossum IH = horse, racoon CS: onset is sudden, *asymmetrical*, CN deficits = head tilt, facial paralysis, gait deficits = incoordination, weakness, asymmetric dx = western blot lesions = perivascular cuffing w/ mononuclear cells tx = ponazuril and folic acid inhibitors: sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine EPM = asymmetrical!!! this is in contrast to equine herpes which is symmetrical
97
``` EEE virus type vector CS lesion dx px prevention ```
togavirus vector: mosquito (culiseta melanura/culex tasalis) CS: *transient viremia*, biphasic fever, dementia, head pressing, seizures, blindness, CN deficits, hypermetria, ataxia lesion: meningoencephalitis with primary involvement of gray matter dx: CSF = neutrophilia, xanthrochromia; serum = IgM capture, ELISA *px = poor, 90% mortality* prevention: vaccinate - good for 6 months
98
``` WEE location virus type vector CS lesion dx px prevention ```
togavirus location: midwest to western US vector: mosquito (culex tarsalis) CS: *No viremia*, otherwise just like EEE - biphasic fever, dementia, head pressing, seizures, blindness, CN deficits, hypermetria, ataxia lesion: meningoencephalitis with primary involvement of gray matter dx: just like EEE - CSF = neutrophilia, xanthrochromia; serum = IgM capture, ELISA px = fair to poor <50% mortality
99
``` VEE location virus type vector who is the amplifier? CS lesion dx px prevention ```
togavirus location: central and S. America, Tx, Fl, CO vector: mosquito (culiseta melanura/culex tasalis) *horse is the amplifer of VEE; unlike WEE and EEE in which birds are the amplifiers* CS: *constant and HIGH viremia* otherwise just like EEE - biphasic fever, dementia, head pressing, seizures, blindness, CN deficits, hypermetria, ataxia lesion: meningoencephalitis with primary involvement of gray matter dx: just like EE - CSF = neutrophilia and xanthochromia; serum = IgM capture, ELISA px = poor (>50% mortality)
100
``` WNV virus type vector CS dx px prevention ```
flavivirus transmission: culex mosquito CS: *acute onset ataxia*, fever, muscle fasiculations (primarily facial) dx: IgM capture ELISA px: lower morbidity and lower mortality compared to EEE prevention: vaccination
101
``` equine herpes virus: EHV-1 primary concerns CS pathology diagnosis prevention ```
primary concerns: *myeloenephalitis, abortion, rhinopneumitis* CS: *rear symmetric ataxia* (unlike EPM) pathology: type 3 hypersensitivity, anterior vasculitis dx: CS, viral isolation, CSF = xanthochromia, high protein, low cells prevention: mares more susceptible, vaccination is NOT protective against neurologic form
102
``` moldy corn poisoning toxin season what does it cause CS dx tx ```
fumonisin B1 season: late fall/early spring affects brain and liver causing severe coagulation necrosis of white matter - leukoencephalomalacia CS: dementia, blindness, convulsion, death, toxic hepatopathy dx: ID toxin in feed tx: supportive care; often fatal in 48 - 72 hrs
103
what are the 3 disease syndromes in horses caused by botulism?
1. forage poisoning - pre-formed toxin ingested via bad hay or silage - type B! 2. toxico-infectious = "shaker foals" type B - toxin produced in GI tracts. seen in 1 - 3m foals bc their gastric acidity is not low enough to inhibit organism growth yet 3. wound botulism - toxin produced in contaminated wound; less common
104
``` Botulism what does it do? CS dx tx ```
causes neuromuscular BLOCKADE of ACh at NMJ leading to flaccid paralysis CS: ptyalism, dysphagia, DILATED pupils dx: exclusion; isolation of organism tx: polyvalent antiserum/anti-toxin
105
treating tetanus: toxoid vs anti-toxin
toxoid = inactivated intact toxin from C. tetani - stimulates active immunity - given 3 doses from 12w - 12m of age anti-toxin = antibody to tetanus toxin - confers passive immunity - use this in un-protected animals (neonates and adults) - will bind circulating toxin
106
Wobblers doctor name what are the two different types and what age groups are they seen in?
``` cervical stenotic myelopathy Cervical vertebral INSTABILITY = foals - dynamic compression during flexion & extension - mal-articulating cervical vertebrae - seen at C3-C4 and C4-C5 ``` Cervical vertebral MALFORMATION = adults (2 - 4y) - static compression - common sites: C5-C6; C6-C7
107
CS of wobblers
hypometric hindlimbs w/ HYPERmetric forelimbs
108
dx and tx of wobblers
dx: rads, myelography, myeloscopy tx: stall confinement, NSAIDs, restricted diet, arthrocentesis, sx ("basket" sx)
109
temperhyoid osteo-arthropathy what is it CS Tx
when stylohyoid bone fuses with petrous temporal bone in GP. when this impinges on CN 7 or 8 it can lead to vestibular disease and/or facial nerve paralysis CS: acute onset of vestibular disease - head shaking, pain associated with palpation of ear Tx: medical: SMZ-TMP, NSAIDs; sx = stylohyoid or ceratohyoid ostectomy and tarsorrhaphy. they can't blink so you need to prevent KCS!
110
when does Rectus capitus/longus capitus avulsions occur?
when a horse rears and throw's its head back and hits its head
111
grass staggers | CS
activity on GABA causing release inhibition | CS: ataxia, trembling, hypermetria
112
stringhalt | cause
hyperflexion of hocks | ingestion of dandelion
113
what is the dx of a systolic LEFT sided murmur in a healthy foal and how should you treat it?
likely physiologic - ignore
114
what is a continuous grade III heart murmur that is left sided in a foal?
PDA
115
what is a systolic RIGHT sided heart murmur in a foal?
VSD
116
what is a pansystolic grade 4 heart murmur with a thrill in a foal?
tetralogy of fallot
117
what are the clinical signs associated with R-sided heart failure in a horse?
high HR, jugular pulses, generalized venous distension and rarely ascites
118
what are the two treatment options for converting a horse in atrial fibrillation?
medical: quinidine procedural: electroconversion
119
what drugs would you prescribe for a horse with signs of heart disease to slow down the heart rate, increase contractility and cause vasodilation?
digoxin - positive iontrope ACE inhibitor: enalapril or quinalapril (vasodilator) hydralazine - arterial dilator
120
what two valves are most commonly affected by degeneration and endocarditis?
mitral and aortic
121
elevations in what enzyme indicate damage to cardiac muscle?
cardiac troponin
122
what are 5 specific causes of myocardial disease?
1. bacterial (staph, strep, clostridium) 2. viral (EIA, EVA, flu) 3. DCM - vitamin E / Selenium deficiency 4. gossypol or cassia ingestion 5. monensin toxicity
123
Theiler's disease: what is it? CS Tx
idiopathic acute hepatic disease and serum hepatitis - most common cause of acute hepatitis in the horse - associated with tetanus antitoxin and admin of equine immune serum - CS: hepatic insufficiency, icterus, hepatic encephalopathy, dark urine - Tx: supportive therapy
124
Tyzzer's disease - agent - pathophys - CS - lesions - seen most often in who?
- Clostridium piliforme - oral exposures to spores or contaminated feces results in acute focal bacerial hepatitis - CS: low glucose, elevated liver enzymes, death is rapid - lesions: focal areas of necrosis in liver, myocardium and intestines, paintbrush hemorrhage, hepatomegaly - seen most often in young foals