Small Ruminant Non-Infectious Disease Flashcards
What causes pregnancy toxemia?
negative energy balance in late gestation
- not eating enough to fuel growth of fetus
What are the clinical signs associated with pregnancy toxemia?
- head pressing or brief nervous episodes
- star gazine
- ketone smell to breath or urine
- recumbence or coma at late stage
What is seen on clinical pathology of pregnancy toxemia?
- hypoglycemia early, hyperglycemia later
- ketonemia, ketonuria
- metabolic acidosis
- uremia
How is pregnancy toxemia treated?
- fluids, supportive care
- insulin and fluids
- anabolic steroids
- c-section
What are the risk factors for hypocalcemia?
- forced exercise
- long distance transport
- feed deprivation
- grazing oxalate-rich plants
- high grain diets (high Mg)
What are the clinical signs associated with hypocalcemia?
- early: stilted gait, muscle tremors
- late: recumbence
- muscular inactivity
How is hypocalcemia treated?
- calcium borogluconate IV
- oral calcium paste
What are the risk factors for hypomagnesemia?
- grazing on young, green cereal crops
- high milk yield
What are the clinical signs associated with hypomagnesemia?
- similar to hypocalcemia
- may be in lateral recumbency with extreme muscle tetany or paddling
How is hypomagnesemia treated?
magnesium phosphate
What is caused by thiamine deficiency?
polioencephalomalacia
- cerebral cortical necrosis
What are the risk factors for thiamine deficiency?
- thiaminases
- high sulfate intake
- certain drugs (Amprolium)
Which drugs activate thiaminase production?
Amprollium
Acepromazine
Levamisole
Thiabendazole
What are the clinical findings associated with thiamine deficiency?
- sudden onset of symptoms
- head tremors, head pressing, star gazing, blindness
- recumbence, convulsions
- rumen inactivity
- death
How is thiamine deficiency treated?
- Thiamine hydrochloride IV
- dietary change
In which animals does coccidiosis most often occur?
younger animals over 3 weeks of age
What are the clinical findings associated with coccidiosis?
- hemorrhagic diarrhea and ill thrift
- anorexia, decreased weight gain, emaciation
- recumbence and death
What number of oocyts in feces is diagnostic of coccidosis?
greater than 500/gram of feces
How is coccidosis treated?
- self-limiting
- Sulfonamides, Amprolium, Ionophores
What lung worms affect small ruminants?
Dictyocailus filaria
Mullerius capillaris
What is Paralaphestrongylus tenuis?
meningeal worm
How is P. tenuis transmitted?
- transmission from white tailed deer to small ruminants
- by ingestion of snails/slugs which may be intermediate hosts
What are the clinical signs associated with P. tenuis?
sudden onset of recumbence, yet remain
BAR
What is the treatment for P. tenuis?
- no good treatment
- Fenbendazole and cortiocsteroids for spinal cord inflammation
- Ivermectin not effective
