Small Ruminant Non-Infectious Disease Flashcards
What causes pregnancy toxemia?
negative energy balance in late gestation
- not eating enough to fuel growth of fetus
What are the clinical signs associated with pregnancy toxemia?
- head pressing or brief nervous episodes
- star gazine
- ketone smell to breath or urine
- recumbence or coma at late stage
What is seen on clinical pathology of pregnancy toxemia?
- hypoglycemia early, hyperglycemia later
- ketonemia, ketonuria
- metabolic acidosis
- uremia
How is pregnancy toxemia treated?
- fluids, supportive care
- insulin and fluids
- anabolic steroids
- c-section
What are the risk factors for hypocalcemia?
- forced exercise
- long distance transport
- feed deprivation
- grazing oxalate-rich plants
- high grain diets (high Mg)
What are the clinical signs associated with hypocalcemia?
- early: stilted gait, muscle tremors
- late: recumbence
- muscular inactivity
How is hypocalcemia treated?
- calcium borogluconate IV
- oral calcium paste
What are the risk factors for hypomagnesemia?
- grazing on young, green cereal crops
- high milk yield
What are the clinical signs associated with hypomagnesemia?
- similar to hypocalcemia
- may be in lateral recumbency with extreme muscle tetany or paddling
How is hypomagnesemia treated?
magnesium phosphate
What is caused by thiamine deficiency?
polioencephalomalacia
- cerebral cortical necrosis
What are the risk factors for thiamine deficiency?
- thiaminases
- high sulfate intake
- certain drugs (Amprolium)
Which drugs activate thiaminase production?
Amprollium
Acepromazine
Levamisole
Thiabendazole
What are the clinical findings associated with thiamine deficiency?
- sudden onset of symptoms
- head tremors, head pressing, star gazing, blindness
- recumbence, convulsions
- rumen inactivity
- death
How is thiamine deficiency treated?
- Thiamine hydrochloride IV
- dietary change
In which animals does coccidiosis most often occur?
younger animals over 3 weeks of age
What are the clinical findings associated with coccidiosis?
- hemorrhagic diarrhea and ill thrift
- anorexia, decreased weight gain, emaciation
- recumbence and death
What number of oocyts in feces is diagnostic of coccidosis?
greater than 500/gram of feces
How is coccidosis treated?
- self-limiting
- Sulfonamides, Amprolium, Ionophores
What lung worms affect small ruminants?
Dictyocailus filaria
Mullerius capillaris
What is Paralaphestrongylus tenuis?
meningeal worm
How is P. tenuis transmitted?
- transmission from white tailed deer to small ruminants
- by ingestion of snails/slugs which may be intermediate hosts
What are the clinical signs associated with P. tenuis?
sudden onset of recumbence, yet remain
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What is the treatment for P. tenuis?
- no good treatment
- Fenbendazole and cortiocsteroids for spinal cord inflammation
- Ivermectin not effective
What are the clinical signs associated with Oestrus ovis infestation?
mucopurulent discharge, sneezing, and sniffling
What is caused by flukes?
liver damage which predisposes to clostridial disease
What are the clinical signs of copper deficiency?
- limp, straight, steely wool
- anemia, prolonged diarrhea, weight loss
- pigmentation defects in hair coat
- conjunctivitis
- incoordination in young lambs
What are the clinical signs of cobalt deficiency?
- poor growth and productivity
- lacrimation, wool matter to face
- anemia
What are the clinical signs of iodine deficiency?
- thyroid enlargement
- alopecia
- stillbirths
What are the clinical signs of iodine toxicosis?
- anorexia
- dandruff, hair loss
- lacrimation
What are the clinical signs of lead toxicosis?
sheep:
- stiff gait, lameness
- paralysis, recumbence
- headache, blindness
- unthriftiness
goats:
- anorexia
- fetid diarrhea
- tenesmus
What are the clinical signs associated with salt deficiency?
- anorexia
- rough hair coat
- pica, salt craving, urine drinking
What are the clinical signs associated with selenium deficiency?
- white muscle disease (acute enzootic muscular dystrophy)
- stiff gait, recumbency (stiffness of hind legs)
- heart failure in pigs (mulberry heart disease)
