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Large Animal Medicine > Small Ruminant Non-Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Small Ruminant Non-Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What causes pregnancy toxemia?

A

negative energy balance in late gestation

- not eating enough to fuel growth of fetus

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2
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with pregnancy toxemia?

A
  • head pressing or brief nervous episodes
  • star gazine
  • ketone smell to breath or urine
  • recumbence or coma at late stage
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3
Q

What is seen on clinical pathology of pregnancy toxemia?

A
  • hypoglycemia early, hyperglycemia later
  • ketonemia, ketonuria
  • metabolic acidosis
  • uremia
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4
Q

How is pregnancy toxemia treated?

A
  • fluids, supportive care
  • insulin and fluids
  • anabolic steroids
  • c-section
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5
Q

What are the risk factors for hypocalcemia?

A
  • forced exercise
  • long distance transport
  • feed deprivation
  • grazing oxalate-rich plants
  • high grain diets (high Mg)
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6
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with hypocalcemia?

A
  • early: stilted gait, muscle tremors
  • late: recumbence
  • muscular inactivity
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7
Q

How is hypocalcemia treated?

A
  • calcium borogluconate IV

- oral calcium paste

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8
Q

What are the risk factors for hypomagnesemia?

A
  • grazing on young, green cereal crops

- high milk yield

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9
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with hypomagnesemia?

A
  • similar to hypocalcemia

- may be in lateral recumbency with extreme muscle tetany or paddling

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10
Q

How is hypomagnesemia treated?

A

magnesium phosphate

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11
Q

What is caused by thiamine deficiency?

A

polioencephalomalacia

- cerebral cortical necrosis

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12
Q

What are the risk factors for thiamine deficiency?

A
  • thiaminases
  • high sulfate intake
  • certain drugs (Amprolium)
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13
Q

Which drugs activate thiaminase production?

A

Amprollium
Acepromazine
Levamisole
Thiabendazole

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14
Q

What are the clinical findings associated with thiamine deficiency?

A
  • sudden onset of symptoms
  • head tremors, head pressing, star gazing, blindness
  • recumbence, convulsions
  • rumen inactivity
  • death
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15
Q

How is thiamine deficiency treated?

A
  • Thiamine hydrochloride IV

- dietary change

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16
Q

In which animals does coccidiosis most often occur?

A

younger animals over 3 weeks of age

17
Q

What are the clinical findings associated with coccidiosis?

A
  • hemorrhagic diarrhea and ill thrift
  • anorexia, decreased weight gain, emaciation
  • recumbence and death
18
Q

What number of oocyts in feces is diagnostic of coccidosis?

A

greater than 500/gram of feces

19
Q

How is coccidosis treated?

A
  • self-limiting

- Sulfonamides, Amprolium, Ionophores

20
Q

What lung worms affect small ruminants?

A

Dictyocailus filaria

Mullerius capillaris

21
Q

What is Paralaphestrongylus tenuis?

A

meningeal worm

22
Q

How is P. tenuis transmitted?

A
  • transmission from white tailed deer to small ruminants

- by ingestion of snails/slugs which may be intermediate hosts

23
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with P. tenuis?

A

sudden onset of recumbence, yet remain

BAR

24
Q

What is the treatment for P. tenuis?

A
  • no good treatment
  • Fenbendazole and cortiocsteroids for spinal cord inflammation
  • Ivermectin not effective
25
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Oestrus ovis infestation?

A

mucopurulent discharge, sneezing, and sniffling

26
Q

What is caused by flukes?

A

liver damage which predisposes to clostridial disease

27
Q

What are the clinical signs of copper deficiency?

A
  • limp, straight, steely wool
  • anemia, prolonged diarrhea, weight loss
  • pigmentation defects in hair coat
  • conjunctivitis
  • incoordination in young lambs
28
Q

What are the clinical signs of cobalt deficiency?

A
  • poor growth and productivity
  • lacrimation, wool matter to face
  • anemia
29
Q

What are the clinical signs of iodine deficiency?

A
  • thyroid enlargement
  • alopecia
  • stillbirths
30
Q

What are the clinical signs of iodine toxicosis?

A
  • anorexia
  • dandruff, hair loss
  • lacrimation
31
Q

What are the clinical signs of lead toxicosis?

A

sheep:

  • stiff gait, lameness
  • paralysis, recumbence
  • headache, blindness
  • unthriftiness

goats:

  • anorexia
  • fetid diarrhea
  • tenesmus
32
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with salt deficiency?

A
  • anorexia
  • rough hair coat
  • pica, salt craving, urine drinking
33
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with selenium deficiency?

A
  • white muscle disease (acute enzootic muscular dystrophy)
  • stiff gait, recumbency (stiffness of hind legs)
  • heart failure in pigs (mulberry heart disease)

Large Animal Medicine (16 decks)

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