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Large Animal Medicine > Bovine Respiratory Disease > Flashcards

Bovine Respiratory Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Which lung lobe is commonly the first affected?

A

the accessory lobe

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2
Q

Describe the characteristic stance of a cow in respiratory distress

A
  • standing motionless
  • elbows abducted
  • head lowered with neck extension
  • open mouth breathing
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3
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of sinusitis?

A
  • discharge from head

- squinted eyes, heads held in unusual position, head pressing, head shy

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4
Q

What are the most common causes of pharyngeal/retropharyngeal abscesses?

A
  • inappropriate use of oral dosing equipment
  • stomach tubes
  • coarse feedstuffs
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5
Q

Which organisms are usually involved in pharyngeal/retropharyngeal abscesses?

A 
Arcanobacter pyogenes (Trueperella)
- anaerobic bacteria
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6
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with pharyngeal/retropharyngeal abscesses?

A
  • head and neck extension
  • pharyngeal swelling
  • excessive salivation
  • increased water, decreased feed
  • malodorous breath
  • severe pain on palpation
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7
Q

What are the treatment options for pharyngeal/retropharyngeal abscesses?

A
  • lance the abscess
  • rumen cannula if the animal cannot swallow
  • tracheotomy if respiration is compromised
  • antiobiotics
  • NSAIDs
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8
Q

What virus causes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (red nose)?

A

bovine herpes virus -1

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9
Q

What are the three subtypes of bovine herpes virus 1 and what do they each cause?

A

BHV 1.1 - respiratory disease and abortion
BHV 1.2a - genital tract infection
BHV 1.2b - respiratory disease

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10
Q

How is bovine herpesvirus diagnosed?

A
  • nasal swabs for viral isolation (ELISA, PCR, IF)
  • histopath of tissue
  • immunochemistry to detect antigen
  • serum virus neutralizing antibody titers
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11
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with bovine herpesvirus?

A
  • fever, rhinitis, conjunctivitis
  • inappetence, drop in milk production
  • labored breathing, hyperemia of muzzle
  • pustules and diphtheritis plaques, ulceration of nasal mucosa and trachea
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12
Q

What is affected by bovine parainfluenza virus 3?

A

epithelial cells of upper respiratory tract

- damage to ciliated epithelial cells, mucus layer, and mucocilliary transport

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13
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with bovine parainfluenza virus 3?

A
  • fever
  • depression, anorexia
  • nasal and ocular discharge
  • increased respiratory rate with tracheal rales
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14
Q

How is bovine parainfluenza virus diagnosed?

A

antemorte - clinical signs, recent co-mingling, serum virus neutralization antibody titer

postmortem - mild interstitial pneumonia, intracytoplasmic inclusion in nasal mucosa

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15
Q

Where is bovine adenovirus found?

A

respiratory and GI tract of inapparently sick and diseased animals

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16
Q

In which animals does bovine respiratory syncytial virus occur?

A

younger cattle, 3-12 months old

17
Q

What is affected by bovine respiratory syncytial virus?

A
  • epithelial cells from nasal mucosa to the bronchi, including type II penumocytes and alveolar macrophage
18
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with bovine respiratory syncytial virus?

A
  • mild to severe respiratory disease
  • fever
  • +/- cough
  • nasal and ocular discharge
  • +/- pulmonary emphysema
19
Q

What are the most important reservoirs of bovine viral diarrhea virus?

A

persistently infected cattle

20
Q

How do cattle become persistently infected with BVDV?

A

susceptible pregnant cattle becoming infected between 42 and 125 days of gestation
- infected fetus born infected and immunotolerant

21
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus?

A
  • severe digestive tract disease with ulcers and erosions

- skin lesions and hoof lesions

22
Q

What is the primary pathogen responsible for shipping fever?

A

Mannheimia haemolytica

23
Q

How is Mannheimia haemolytica transmitted?

A
  • inhalation of bacteria-containing droplets
  • direct nose to nose contact
  • ingestion of food contaminated with nasal discharge from infected cattle
24
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Mannheimia haemolytica infect?

A
  • depression, anorexia, fever

- nasal discharge, soft and moist cough

25
Q

What are the virulence factors of Mannheimia haemolytica?

A
  • leukotoxin
  • lipopolysaccharide
  • capsular polysaccharide
  • fimbriae
  • siderophore
  • O-sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase
  • neuraminidase
26
Q

What are the lesions caused by Mannheimia haemolytica?

A
  • severe fibrinous pleuropneumonia
  • cranioventral lung lobes are dark reddish-black to grayish brown and firm, with marked distension of interlobular septae by gelatinous yellow fluid
    “hepatization of lung”
27
Q

What is the second most common pathogen associated with Shipping fever?

A

Pasteurella multocida

28
Q

What are the lesions caused by Pasteurella multocida?

A
  • fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia

- multiple, coalescing abcesses

29
Q

What is caused by Histophilus somni?

A
  • bronchopneumonia

- pleuritis (excess fibrin on pleural surface)

30
Q

What is caused by Mycoplasma?

A

lobar bronchopneumonia with severe peribronchial cuffing

31
Q

What are the two mycoplasma species of interest?

A

M. dispar

M. bovis

32
Q

What is the characteristic presentation of Mycoplasma bovis?

A

“Pneumonia-arthritis syndrome”

33
Q

What lesions are caused by Mycoplasma bovis?

A
  • suppurative bronchopneumonia, edematous pulmonary septa, and pleuritis
  • coagulative necrosis lesions: purulent center arising from affected bronchiole
34
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Acute Bovine Pulmonary Emphysema

A
  • L-tryptphan present in pasture is metabolized by the rumen to 3-methylindole, which is absorbed into bloodstream and carried to the lungs
35
Q

What are the gross lesions associated with Acute Bovine Pulmonary emphysema?

A
  • diffuse interstitial pneumonia with severe alveolar and interstitial edema and interlobular emphysema
  • lungs expanded, pale, and rubbery
36
Q

What are the other names for Acute Bovine Pulmonary Emphysema?

A

Atypical Interstitial Pneumonia

“Fog Fever”

37
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Acute Bovine Pulmonary Emphysema?

A
  • severe respiratory distress within 10 days
  • expiratory dyspnea and oral breathing
  • emphysema within lungs and along the back
38
Q

How can Acute Bovine Pulmonary Emphysema be prevented?

A
  • Allow younger animals to graze the pastures first

- feed ionophores

Large Animal Medicine (16 decks)

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