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Large Animal Medicine > Bovine Metabolic Diseases > Flashcards

Bovine Metabolic Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What BCS should dairy calves be at calving and the dry period?

A

3-3.5

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2
Q

When is the peak incidence of fatty liver syndrome?

A

2 weeks pre-partum to 10 weeks post-partum

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3
Q

What usually predisposes cows to fatty liver syndrome?

A
  • obesity

- long dry periods with access to high energy feed

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4
Q

What problems occur with fatty liver infiltration?

A
  • impairs liver function
  • increases disease susceptibility
  • reduces fertility
  • leads to death
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5
Q

What are the clinical pathology features of fatty liver syndrome?

A
  • leukopenia with a degenerative left shift

- elevation of liver enzymes

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6
Q

What are the therapy options for fatty liver syndrome?

A
  • 50% glucose IV
  • protamine zinc insulin and glucose
  • choline and niacin
  • antibiotics for secondary infections
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7
Q

What is ketosis?

A

abnormally high concentration of ketone bodies in the body and body fluids

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8
Q

What is primary ketosis?

A
  • often subclinical

- negative energy balance

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9
Q

What is secondary ketosis?

A

related to anorexia associated with another disease process

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10
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with ketosis?

A
  • decreased appetite and milk production
  • hypocalcemia
  • nervous form may occur
  • ketone odor on breath, urine, and milk
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11
Q

How is ketosis diagnosed?

A
  • clinical signs

- color change on dipstick (purple)

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12
Q

How is ketosis treated?

A
  • stimulate gluconeogenesis (corticosteroid or glucose)
  • increase utilization of blood glucose
  • reduce plasma ketones and free fatty acids
  • supplement the ration with propylene glycol and glycerol
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13
Q

How is ketosis prevented?

A
  • maintain proper body condition from dry period through calving
  • encourage max dry matter intake after calving
  • feed balanced rations with high quality forages to early lactation cows
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14
Q

What causes pregnancy toxemia?

A
  • chronic underfeeding during pregnancy
  • lots of poor quality forage with no grain or energy
  • not enough energy to supply demands of body and fetus
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15
Q

What is parturient paresis?

A
  • milk fever

- hypocalcemia associated with parturition

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16
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of milk fever

A
  • when the cow is dry, the parathyroid gland shuts off (Ca not needed)
  • after calving, there is an increased demand for Ca, but since the gland is off, unable to mobilize Ca from bone
  • negative balance develops
17
Q

Describe stage 1 of milk fever

A
  • hypersensitivity, excitement, twitching, incoordination

- does not last long and is not often seen

18
Q

Describe stage 2 of milk fever

A
  • sternal recumbency with subnormal temperature
  • signs related to lack of muscular activity
  • head bent to the side, not aware of surroundings
19
Q

Describe stage 3 of milk fever

A
  • complete muscle flaccidity
  • unable to remain in sternal recumbency
  • loss of consciousness and coma
20
Q

What is the normal calcium level in the cow?

A

9-12 mg/dL

21
Q

What is the therapy for milk fever?

A
  • Ca borogluconate IV

- oral electrolyte paste

22
Q

When should you not give Ca borogluconate IV?

A

if the cow is standing/sub-clinical

23
Q

Which animals are most severely affected by hypophosphatemia?

A

young animals and heavily lactating dairy cows

24
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with hypophosphatemia?

A
  • decreased food intake, impaired reproductive performance
  • young: physeal enlargements, rickets, stiffness, bowed legs
  • adults: osteomalacia, stiffness, fractures, pica, hemoglobinuria
25
Q

What is grass tetany?

A
  • hypomagnesemia

- occurs when cattle are fed on lush green highly fertilized pastures during cold growing season

26
Q

What are the clinical signs of grass tetany?

A
  • hyperexcitability, hyperesthesia
  • aberrant behavior progresses through staggering to lateral recumbency to violent opishtotonus
  • nystagmus, salivation
  • death
27
Q

What are the therapy options for grass tetany?

A
  • magnesium hypophosphate
  • calcium
  • oral electrolyte paste
28
Q

When is downer cow syndrome commonly seen?

A
  • 2 days before parturition until 10 days after parturition
  • 5-8 years of age
  • high producers
  • larger cows
  • history of parturient paresis
29
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with downer cow syndrome?

A
  • sternal or lateral recumbency
  • BAR with normal TPR
  • appetite may be reduced

Large Animal Medicine (16 decks)

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