Bovine Cardiovascular

Question 1

What level of WBCs indicates bone marrow suppression?

Answer 1

< 4,000

Question 2

What level of WBCs indicates chronic infection or LSA?

Answer 2

> 12,000

Question 3

Which organism appears as small, round shaped basophilic staining bodies marginally located in the RBCs?

Answer 3

Anaplasmosis

Question 4

How is Anaplasmosis transmitted?

Answer 4

• blood sucking insects (ticks replicate in salivary glands)
• biting flies
• iatrogenic

Question 5

What age of cattle is most susceptible to anaplasmosis?

Answer 5

adults more susecptible

Question 6

How does anaplasmosis affect the different age groups of cattle?

Answer 6

calves < 6 month - mild disease, chronic carriers

yearlings - severe but no death

adults > 3 years - marked anemia, 50% mortality

Question 7

What season predisposes to anaplasmosis?

Answer 7

late summer and fall

Question 8

What are the stages of anaplasmosis?

Answer 8

• incubation
• development (most signs are present)
• convalescence
• carrier stage

Question 9

What are the clinical signs associated with anaplasmosis?

Answer 9

• drop in milk production
• weight loss from dehydration
• fever
• anorexia, depression
• anemia
• thin, watery blood
• weakness, tremors, rapid pulse
• abortions
• sudden death

Question 10

How is anaplasmosis diagnosed?

Answer 10

• clinical signs
• no hemoglobinuria
• blood smear

Question 11

How is anaplasmosis treated?

Answer 11

• let the animal recover on its own

- oxytetracycline during incubation stage

Question 12

How is Babesiosis transmitted?

Answer 12

ticks

Question 13

Describe the pathogenesis of babesiosis

Answer 13

• incubation 1-3 weeks
• hemolysis and subsequent anemia
• surviving animal becomes carrier and is resistant to infection

Question 14

What are the clinical signs associated with babesiosis?

Answer 14

• acute onset of fever
• pallor of mucus membranes and jaundice
• urine is dark red to brown color because of hemoglobinuria
• abortions

Question 15

Describe the pathogenesis of water intoxication

Answer 15

• animals who are dehydrated suddenly engorge themselves with water
• produces marked hypotonicity, leading to intravascular hemolysis

Question 16

What is the number 1 deficiency seen in dairy cattle?

Answer 16

phosphorus deficiency

Question 17

What is the cause of post-partum hemoglobinuria?

Answer 17

hypophosphatemia

Question 18

Describe the pathogenesis of post-partum hemoglobinuria

Answer 18

phosphorus imbalance
> fragile RBCs
> intravascular hemolysis
> anemia and hemoglobinuria

Question 19

In who is post-partum hemoglobinuria mostly seen?

Answer 19

high producing dairy cows on grass diets

Question 20

What are the clinical signs associated with post-partum hemoglobinuria?

Answer 20

• intravascular hemolysis leading to anemia

- hemoglobinuria

Question 21

How is post-partum hemoglobinuria treated?

Answer 21

• blood transfusion
• sodium acid phosphate IV followed by oral supplementation
• P-rich fertilizer on pasture

Question 22

What is the second most common deficiency in cattle?

Answer 22

copper deficiency

Question 23

Who is predisposed to iron deficiency?

Answer 23

veal calves

- raised on milk diet with is deficient in Fe

Question 24

What is a common clinical signs of copper deficiency?

Answer 24

faded coat color

Question 25

What type of anemia is seen with mineral deficiencies?

Answer 25

microcytic

hypochromic

Question 26

What can cause Heinz Body anemia, and how are the bodies formed?

Answer 26

• kale, beet pulp, rye grass, onion
• oxidation agents
• heinz bodies formed by oxidative denaturing of hemoglobin in RBCs

Question 27

What is caused by Bracken Fern poisoning?

Answer 27

hemorrhagic syndrome due to platelet loss

Question 28

What are the clinical manifestations of ventricular septal defect?

Answer 28

• loud, holosystolic murmur
• poor growth
• lethargy and exercise intolerance

Question 29

What is ectopia cordis cervicalis?

Answer 29

calf born with heart outside the chest (in throat)

Question 30

What is indicated by a continuous “machinery” murmur?

Answer 30

persistant ductus arteriosis

Question 31

What is indicated by a loud holosystolic murmur with a palpable thrill?

Answer 31

tetraology of fallot

Question 32

What is Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficency?

Answer 32

• hereditary, autosomal recessive disorder in Holstein cattle
• leukocytes are not able to phagocytize bacteria

Question 33

How is valvular heart disease usually acquired?

Answer 33

from systemic infection

Question 34

What are the clinical signs of valvular heart disease?

Answer 34

• holosystolic/diastolic murmurs
• tachycardia, jugular distension, edema, ascites
• fever
• right sided heart failure

Question 35

What valves are most commonly affected in valvular heart disease?

Answer 35

right AV valve/tricuspd

Question 36

How is valvular heart disease treated?

Answer 36

• antibiotics and symptomatic therapy

- poor prognosis

Question 37

What is Brisket disease?

Answer 37

• pulmonary hypertension

- high altitude disease

Question 38

Describe the pathogenesis of brisket disease

Answer 38

• hypoxic vasoconstriction results in cardiac failure

- develop edema in brisket area

Question 39

What are the clinical signs associated with Brisket disease?

Answer 39

• signs of right CHF
• SQ edema of the brisket, ventral thorax, and submandibular area
• jugular distension
• tachycardia
• pulmonary hypertension
• heart murmur

Question 40

What are the clinical signs of myocarditis?

Answer 40

• fever
• tachycardia, gallop rhythm
• jugular distension and signs of CHF

Question 41

What are the most commonly infected organs in bovine leukemia virus?

Answer 41

• heart
• abomasum
• uterus
• lymph nodes