Bovine Cardiovascular Flashcards
What level of WBCs indicates bone marrow suppression?
< 4,000
What level of WBCs indicates chronic infection or LSA?
> 12,000
Which organism appears as small, round shaped basophilic staining bodies marginally located in the RBCs?
Anaplasmosis
How is Anaplasmosis transmitted?
- blood sucking insects (ticks replicate in salivary glands)
- biting flies
- iatrogenic
What age of cattle is most susceptible to anaplasmosis?
adults more susecptible
How does anaplasmosis affect the different age groups of cattle?
calves < 6 month - mild disease, chronic carriers
yearlings - severe but no death
adults > 3 years - marked anemia, 50% mortality
What season predisposes to anaplasmosis?
late summer and fall
What are the stages of anaplasmosis?
- incubation
- development (most signs are present)
- convalescence
- carrier stage
What are the clinical signs associated with anaplasmosis?
- drop in milk production
- weight loss from dehydration
- fever
- anorexia, depression
- anemia
- thin, watery blood
- weakness, tremors, rapid pulse
- abortions
- sudden death
How is anaplasmosis diagnosed?
- clinical signs
- no hemoglobinuria
- blood smear
How is anaplasmosis treated?
- let the animal recover on its own
- oxytetracycline during incubation stage
How is Babesiosis transmitted?
ticks
Describe the pathogenesis of babesiosis
- incubation 1-3 weeks
- hemolysis and subsequent anemia
- surviving animal becomes carrier and is resistant to infection
What are the clinical signs associated with babesiosis?
- acute onset of fever
- pallor of mucus membranes and jaundice
- urine is dark red to brown color because of hemoglobinuria
- abortions
Describe the pathogenesis of water intoxication
- animals who are dehydrated suddenly engorge themselves with water
- produces marked hypotonicity, leading to intravascular hemolysis
What is the number 1 deficiency seen in dairy cattle?
phosphorus deficiency
What is the cause of post-partum hemoglobinuria?
hypophosphatemia
Describe the pathogenesis of post-partum hemoglobinuria
phosphorus imbalance
> fragile RBCs
> intravascular hemolysis
> anemia and hemoglobinuria
In who is post-partum hemoglobinuria mostly seen?
high producing dairy cows on grass diets
What are the clinical signs associated with post-partum hemoglobinuria?
- intravascular hemolysis leading to anemia
- hemoglobinuria
How is post-partum hemoglobinuria treated?
- blood transfusion
- sodium acid phosphate IV followed by oral supplementation
- P-rich fertilizer on pasture
What is the second most common deficiency in cattle?
copper deficiency
Who is predisposed to iron deficiency?
veal calves
- raised on milk diet with is deficient in Fe
What is a common clinical signs of copper deficiency?
faded coat color
What type of anemia is seen with mineral deficiencies?
microcytic
hypochromic
What can cause Heinz Body anemia, and how are the bodies formed?
- kale, beet pulp, rye grass, onion
- oxidation agents
- heinz bodies formed by oxidative denaturing of hemoglobin in RBCs
What is caused by Bracken Fern poisoning?
hemorrhagic syndrome due to platelet loss
What are the clinical manifestations of ventricular septal defect?
- loud, holosystolic murmur
- poor growth
- lethargy and exercise intolerance
What is ectopia cordis cervicalis?
calf born with heart outside the chest (in throat)
What is indicated by a continuous “machinery” murmur?
persistant ductus arteriosis
What is indicated by a loud holosystolic murmur with a palpable thrill?
tetraology of fallot
What is Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficency?
- hereditary, autosomal recessive disorder in Holstein cattle
- leukocytes are not able to phagocytize bacteria
How is valvular heart disease usually acquired?
from systemic infection
What are the clinical signs of valvular heart disease?
- holosystolic/diastolic murmurs
- tachycardia, jugular distension, edema, ascites
- fever
- right sided heart failure
What valves are most commonly affected in valvular heart disease?
right AV valve/tricuspd
How is valvular heart disease treated?
- antibiotics and symptomatic therapy
- poor prognosis
What is Brisket disease?
- pulmonary hypertension
- high altitude disease
Describe the pathogenesis of brisket disease
- hypoxic vasoconstriction results in cardiac failure
- develop edema in brisket area
What are the clinical signs associated with Brisket disease?
- signs of right CHF
- SQ edema of the brisket, ventral thorax, and submandibular area
- jugular distension
- tachycardia
- pulmonary hypertension
- heart murmur
What are the clinical signs of myocarditis?
- fever
- tachycardia, gallop rhythm
- jugular distension and signs of CHF
What are the most commonly infected organs in bovine leukemia virus?
- heart
- abomasum
- uterus
- lymph nodes
