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Large Animal Medicine > Reticuloruminal Disorders - Bovine > Flashcards

Reticuloruminal Disorders - Bovine Flashcards

1
Q

Possible causes of free gas bloat

A
  • esophageal dysfunction

- ruminal motility dysfunction

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2
Q

High risk forages for frothy bloat

A

alfalfa
sweet clover
red clover
winter wheat

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3
Q

Clinical signs associated with bloat

A
  • asymmetric abdominal distension most pronounced in left paralumbar fossa
  • abdominal discomfort (kicking, biting at ab)
  • increased HR and RR
  • acute death in 30 min to 4 hrs
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4
Q

Treatment for free gas bloat

A

stomach tube

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5
Q

Treatment for frothy bloat

A
  • Polaxalene to combine bubbles
  • vegetable oil
  • dactyl sodium sulfosuccinate
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6
Q

Types of rumen indigestion

A

Primary
- acute onset, due to dietary change

Secondary

  • chronic
  • result of other disease
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7
Q

Clinical signs of primary rumen indigestion

A
  • acute anorexia
  • reduced to absent rumen motility
  • diarrhea within 24 hours
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8
Q

Clinical signs of secondary rumen indigestion

A
  • rumination absent
  • rumen underfilled
  • depressed fecal production
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9
Q

Treatment of rumen indigestion

A
  • mild cases self-correcting
  • rumen transfaunation
  • increase rumen fill
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10
Q

Cause of rumen acidosis

A
  • overproduction of lactic acid

- grain overload

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11
Q

Clinical signs associated with rumen acidosis

A
  • incoordination and ataxia
  • profound weakness and depression
  • anorexia (rumen stasis, pain, dehydration)
  • laminitis
  • sudden death syndrome
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12
Q

What happens in sub-acute ruminal acidosis?

A

pH drops every once in a while, then returns to normal

- never as low as acute form

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13
Q

Treatment of rumen acidosis

A
  • mild cases resolve on their own
  • empty rumen by oral la age or rumenotomy
  • oral administration of rumen buffers
  • fluids
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14
Q

Clinical signs associated with rumenitis

A
  • chronic laminitis

- decreased feed consumption/weight gain

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15
Q

Diagnosis of ruminitis

A

pH of rumen fluid

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16
Q

Clinical signs associated with traumatic reticulopericarditis

A
  • abduction of elbows
  • washing machine murmur
  • edema and jugular pulse
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17
Q

Diagnosis of traumatic reticulopericarditis

A
  • grunt test (pinch withers)
  • lift up on xyphoid
  • increased fibrinogen, increased globulin
  • increased WBCs on abdominocentesis
  • mild metabolic alkalosis
  • exploratory laparotomy best
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18
Q

Vagus indigestion type 1

A
  • uncomplicated TRP

- failure of eructation resulting in free gas bloat and ruminal distension

19
Q

Vagus indigestion type 2

A
  • failure of omasal transport

- preventing aboral movement of ingesta from reticulum to abomasum

20
Q

Vagus indigestion type 3

A
  • failure of transpyloric outflow
  • primary impaction due to dry feed with limited water
  • secondary impaction due to motility dysfunction of pyloric outflow failure
21
Q

Vagus indigestion type 4

A
  • late gestation indigestion

- large uterus displaces abomasum

22
Q

Clinical signs associated with vagus indigestion

A
  • chronic progressive weight loss

- abdominal distension

23
Q

Cause of omasal impaction

A
  • feeding of rough fibrous feeds with limited water

- feeding of machine-made wheat

24
Q

Clinical signs associated with omasal impaction

A
  • anorexia
  • dehydration
  • abdominal distension
  • ruminal hypomotility
  • empty rectum
25
Q

Diagnosis of omasal impaction

A

exploratory rumenotomy

26
Q

Who is most prone to abomasal ulcers?

A
  • periparturient cows
  • dairy calves
  • pre-weaned beef calves
27
Q

Possible pathogens causing abomasal ulcers

A
  • H. pylori

- C. perfringens type A

28
Q

What is a type 1 abomasal ulcer?

A
  • non-perforating, non-bleeding

- associated with LDAs, coliform mastitis, metritis

29
Q

Clinical signs associated with type 1 abomasal ulcers

A
  • reduced feed intake
  • reduced milk production
  • darkened, soft to fluid feces
30
Q

What is a type II abomasal ulcer?

A

non-perforating, major bleeding

- associated with lymphosarcoma

31
Q

Clinical signs associated with type II abomasal ulcers

A
  • black, tarry feces
  • anemia
  • sharp decline in milk production
  • depression
  • reduced rumen motility
32
Q

Diagnosis of type II abomasal ulcer

A
  • anemia with PCV < 15%

- Guaiac fecal occult blood test

33
Q

Treatment of type I and II abomasal ulcers

A
  • correct concurrent disease
  • restore blood volume (IV fluid or whole blood)
  • ranitidine IV
34
Q

What is type III abomasal ulcer?

A
  • perforating

- local peritonitis

35
Q

Clinical signs associated with type III abomasal ulcer

A
  • moderate febrile
  • anorectic
  • acute decreased milk
36
Q

What is type IV abomasal ulcer?

A
  • perforating
  • diffuse peritonitis
  • medical emergency
37
Q

Clinical signs associated with type IV abomasal ulcer

A
  • tachycardia
  • complete ruminal stasis
  • severe dehydration
  • cold extremities
38
Q

Diagnosis of type III abomasal ulcers

A
  • abdominocentesis
  • neutrophilic leukocytosis and hyperproteinemia
  • hyperfibrinogenemia and hyperglobulinemia
39
Q

Diagnosis of type IV abomasal ulcers

A

abdominocentesis

  • severe neutropenia
  • severe hemoconcentration
  • hypoproteinemia
40
Q

Treatment of perforating abomasal ulcers

A
  • broad spectrum antibiotics

- restricted exercise

41
Q

Describe a left displaced abomasum

A
  • 180 degree torsion without volvulus
  • rotation along its long axis, ventral and left of the rumen
  • little/no outflow obstruction
42
Q

Describe a right displaced abomasum

A
  • 180 degree torsion +/- volvulus
  • rotation about the mesenteric axis
  • outflow obstruction and ischemia
  • medical emergency
43
Q

Displaced abomasum diagnosis

A
  • left “ping” = rumen gas
  • right “ping” = gas in spiral colon or cecum
  • Liptack test: pH of fluid below “ping”
  • abdominal exploratory
44
Q

Treatment of displaced abomasum

A
  • roll and toggle
  • right flank omentoplexy
  • left flank abomasopexy

Large Animal Medicine (16 decks)

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