Small Animal Spinal Cord Disorders Part II

Question 1

in whom are vertebral malformations most common?

Answer 1

brachycephalics

Question 2

where do vertebral malformations most commonly occur?

Answer 2

mid thoracic spine

Question 3

can vertebral malformations be an incidental finding?

Answer 3

yes
or cause of clinical signs

Question 4

why are subarachnoid diverticulums a problem?

Answer 4

slowly progressive compressive myelopathy
blocks CSF flow

Question 5

are subarachnoid diverticulums painful?

Answer 5

nonpainful: meninges and spinal nerves not involved

Question 6

what are the two localizations of subarachnoid diverticulums?

Answer 6

T3-L3: small breeds (pugs, frenchies)
C1-T2: large breeds (rottweilers)

Question 7

who most commonly has atlantoaxial luxations?

Answer 7

young toy and small breed dogs

Question 8

what does atlantoaxial luxation cause?

Answer 8

compression of spinal cord

Question 9

is an atlantoaxial luxation painful?

Answer 9

yes

Question 10

how can an atlantoaxial luxation present?

Answer 10

acute or chronic

Question 11

how aree neoplasias prioritized?

Answer 11

based on location within spinal canal

Question 12

what is hansen type I intervertebral disc disease?

Answer 12

intervertebral disc extrusion
chondroid metaplasia and calcification of disc

Question 13

what can lead to hemorrhage in disc-associated extensive extradural hemorrhage?

Answer 13

intervertebral disc extrusion can lacerate the venous sinus during extrusion

Question 14

what is disc-associated extensive extradural hemorrhage characterized by?

Answer 14

rapid progression of clinical signs

Question 15

what is hansen type II intervertebral disc disease?

Answer 15

intervertebral disc protrusion
fibrous metaplasia

Question 16

what type of injury is hansen type II intervertebral disc disease?

Answer 16

chronic compressive spinal cord injury

Question 17

what is “hansen type III”?

Answer 17

concussive damage to spinal cord
can result from trauma or exercise

Question 18

what are the three forms of concussive disc herniations?

Answer 18

hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion
acute noncompressive nucleus pulposus extrusion
intradural-intramedullary intervertebral disc extrusion

Question 19

what does hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion look like on an MRI?

Answer 19

hyperintense (normak “fluidy” disc material) material ventral to spinal cord

Question 20

what signs are associated with acute noncompressive nucleus pulposus extrusion?

Answer 20

asymmetric signs
thoracolumbar spine usually

Question 21

what happens in intradural-intramedullary intervertebral disc extrusion?

Answer 21

penetrates the spinal cord

Question 22

how many forms of cervical spondylomyelopathy are there?

Answer 22

two

Question 23

who most commonly gets cervical spondylomyelopathy?

Answer 23

large breed dogs

Question 24

what breed of dog most commonly gets disc-associated cervical sponylomyelopathy?

Answer 24

doberman

Question 25

what is disc-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy secondary to?

Answer 25

dynamic disc protrusion and hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum

Question 26

what happens in osseous-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy?

Answer 26

hypertrophy of the articular facets and associated ligaments and joint capsule

Question 27

what breed most commonly gets dorsal arch malformations?

Answer 27

great dane

Question 28

what happens in degenerative myelopathy?

Answer 28

degenerative condition with loss of spinal cord tracts chronic progressive

Question 29

what breeds most commonly get degenerative myelopathy?

Answer 29

boxers corgis german shepherds

Question 30

what does atlantoaxial luxation cause?

Answer 30

compression of spinal cord painful

Question 31

what are some degenerative causes of spinal problems?

Answer 31

intervertebral disc disease cervical spondylomyelopathy degenerative myelopathy

Question 32

why is chondroid meetaplasia and calcification in the disc in hansen type I intervertebral disc disease?

Answer 32

loss of normal hydrated and gelatinous properties

Question 33

what dogs can get hansen type I intervertebral disc disease at an early age?

Answer 33

chondrodystrophic breeds

Question 34

what does a hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion look like on MRI?

Answer 34

"fluidy" disc material ventral to spinal cord

Question 35

how old are most dogs with disc-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy?

Answer 35

7-9 years

Question 36

what are the compressions like with disc-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy?

Answer 36

ventral compressions mainly C6-C7 and C5-C6 dynamic condition

Question 37

what is the compression like in osseous-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy?

Answer 37

lateral and dorso-lateral low cervical compressions more common