Multifocal and Diffuse Brain Disorders

Question 1

what can be the etiologies of multifocal and diffuse brain disorders?

Answer 1

infectious and inflammatory
degenerative conditions
poly-trauma
metabolic and toxic

Question 2

what are some species with low susceptibility to rabies?

Answer 2

birds
opossums

Question 3

what is the path of infection of rabies?

Answer 3

retrograde intra-axonal flow
virus replication in spinal cord
virus replication in brain
virus spreads centrifugally through peripheral nerves and reaches salivary glands

Question 4

what does the incubation time of rabies depend on?

Answer 4

length of nerve
travel time via retrograde axonoplasmatic flow

Question 5

what are the clinical signs of the prodromal phase of rabies?

Answer 5

variable fever
licking site of inoculation due to sensory dysfunction
nervousness
agitation
searching for solitude
dilated pupils

Question 6

what is the survival time of a dog with rabies after onset of clinical signs?

Answer 6

3-8 days
median 4 days

Question 7

what clinical signs are associated with the dumb or paralytic form of rabies?

Answer 7

lower motor neuron paralysis
cranial nerves affected first, dropped jaw, swallowing dysfunction
coma

Question 8

how can you diagnose rabies?

Answer 8

fast progressive, symmetrical neurological signs
histopathology
tests

Question 9

how does a dog get inoculated with distemper?

Answer 9

respiratory tract

Question 10

what are some extra neural signs associated with distemper?

Answer 10

fever
conjunctivitis
pneumonia
diarrhea
hyperkeratosis
retinitis
cachexia

Question 11

why is there a wide variety of clinical signs with distemper?

Answer 11

diffuse nature

Question 12

can distemper affect the gray or white matter?

Answer 12

either: depends on age of dog

Question 13

is there proven therapy for myoclonus from distemper?

Answer 13

no

Question 14

how many cats with feline infectious peritonitis are showing CNS involvement?

Answer 14

30%

Question 15

what are the three forms of feline infectious peritonitis?

Answer 15

effusive form
dry form
combined form

Question 16

what are the therapy options for feline infectious peritonitis?

Answer 16

prednisone with temporary disease control
antiviral medications in clinical trials
anticonvulsive medication

Question 17

what are some types of meningoencephalitis of unknown origin?

Answer 17

necrotizing meningoencephalitis
necrotizing encephalitis
granulomatous meningoencephalitis

Question 18

what are the two forms of necrotizing meningoencephalitis?

Answer 18

acute
chronic

Question 19

who is more affected by granulomatous meningoencephalitis?

Answer 19

middle aged dogs
small breeds more affected
higher prevalence in females

Question 20

in whom is necrotizing encephalitis and necrotizing leukoencephalitis described mainly in?

Answer 20

yorkshire terriers

Question 21

what is the most likely etiology of steroid responsive mengitis arteritis?

Answer 21

immune mediated

Question 22

how can you diagnose steroid responsive meningitis arteritis?

Answer 22

signalement and clinical signs
CSF
C reactive protein
rule out infectious disorders
in some dogs: joint tap and MRI

Question 23

what treatment options are there for most of the immune-mediated CNS disorders?

Answer 23

prednisone
immuno-modulating therapy

Question 24

what is the average incubation time of rabies in dogs and cats?

Answer 24

dogs: 3-8 weeks
cats: 4-6 weeks

Question 25

what are the signs in the prodromal phase of rabies?

Answer 25

variable fever licking site of inoculation due to sensory dysfunction nervousness agitation searching for solitude dilated pupils

Question 26

what are negri bodies?

Answer 26

filamentous ribonucleoproteins found on histopathology with rabies

Question 27

what is the treatment for distemper?

Answer 27

glucocorticoids prophylactic seizure medications at onset of systemic signs

Question 28

what is the vaccination protocol for distemper?

Answer 28

every 3-4 weeks between 6-16 weeks of life every 3 years thereafter

Question 29

what is the furious form of rabies like?

Answer 29

salivation irritable, biting, vicious photophobic disorientation changes in mental status ataxia, may progress to tetraplegia grand mal seizure

Question 30

is myoclonus common in encephalomyelitis in young dogs or old dogs with distemper?

Answer 30

young dogs

Question 31

can encephalitis happen post distemper vaccine?

Answer 31

yes

Question 32

what are the types of meningitis of unknown origin?

Answer 32

steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis idiopathic pachymeningitis of greyhounds

Question 33

what are the lesions like in necrotizing encephalitis and necrotizing leukoencephalitis?

Answer 33

large, focal, asymmetric necrosis, cyst formation severe inflammation surrounding necrotic areas mostly white matter meninges mostly spared mid brain, brainstem, cerebellum