Multifocal and Diffuse Brain Disorders Flashcards
what can be the etiologies of multifocal and diffuse brain disorders?
infectious and inflammatory
degenerative conditions
poly-trauma
metabolic and toxic
what are some species with low susceptibility to rabies?
birds
opossums
what is the path of infection of rabies?
retrograde intra-axonal flow
virus replication in spinal cord
virus replication in brain
virus spreads centrifugally through peripheral nerves and reaches salivary glands
what does the incubation time of rabies depend on?
length of nerve
travel time via retrograde axonoplasmatic flow
what are the clinical signs of the prodromal phase of rabies?
variable fever
licking site of inoculation due to sensory dysfunction
nervousness
agitation
searching for solitude
dilated pupils
what is the survival time of a dog with rabies after onset of clinical signs?
3-8 days
median 4 days
what clinical signs are associated with the dumb or paralytic form of rabies?
lower motor neuron paralysis
cranial nerves affected first, dropped jaw, swallowing dysfunction
coma
how can you diagnose rabies?
fast progressive, symmetrical neurological signs
histopathology
tests
how does a dog get inoculated with distemper?
respiratory tract
what are some extra neural signs associated with distemper?
fever
conjunctivitis
pneumonia
diarrhea
hyperkeratosis
retinitis
cachexia
why is there a wide variety of clinical signs with distemper?
diffuse nature
can distemper affect the gray or white matter?
either: depends on age of dog
is there proven therapy for myoclonus from distemper?
no
how many cats with feline infectious peritonitis are showing CNS involvement?
30%
what are the three forms of feline infectious peritonitis?
effusive form
dry form
combined form
what are the therapy options for feline infectious peritonitis?
prednisone with temporary disease control
antiviral medications in clinical trials
anticonvulsive medication
what are some types of meningoencephalitis of unknown origin?
necrotizing meningoencephalitis
necrotizing encephalitis
granulomatous meningoencephalitis
what are the two forms of necrotizing meningoencephalitis?
acute
chronic
who is more affected by granulomatous meningoencephalitis?
middle aged dogs
small breeds more affected
higher prevalence in females
in whom is necrotizing encephalitis and necrotizing leukoencephalitis described mainly in?
yorkshire terriers
what is the most likely etiology of steroid responsive mengitis arteritis?
immune mediated
how can you diagnose steroid responsive meningitis arteritis?
signalement and clinical signs
CSF
C reactive protein
rule out infectious disorders
in some dogs: joint tap and MRI
what treatment options are there for most of the immune-mediated CNS disorders?
prednisone
immuno-modulating therapy
what is the average incubation time of rabies in dogs and cats?
dogs: 3-8 weeks
cats: 4-6 weeks
what are the signs in the prodromal phase of rabies?
variable fever
licking site of inoculation due to sensory dysfunction
nervousness
agitation
searching for solitude
dilated pupils
what are negri bodies?
filamentous ribonucleoproteins
found on histopathology with rabies
what is the treatment for distemper?
glucocorticoids
prophylactic seizure medications at onset of systemic signs
what is the vaccination protocol for distemper?
every 3-4 weeks between 6-16 weeks of life
every 3 years thereafter
what is the furious form of rabies like?
salivation
irritable, biting, vicious
photophobic
disorientation
changes in mental status
ataxia, may progress to tetraplegia
grand mal seizure
is myoclonus common in encephalomyelitis in young dogs or old dogs with distemper?
young dogs
can encephalitis happen post distemper vaccine?
yes
what are the types of meningitis of unknown origin?
steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis
idiopathic pachymeningitis of greyhounds
what are the lesions like in necrotizing encephalitis and necrotizing leukoencephalitis?
large, focal, asymmetric necrosis, cyst formation
severe inflammation surrounding necrotic areas
mostly white matter
meninges mostly spared
mid brain, brainstem, cerebellum
