Localization of Neurological Deficits

Question 1

what is the goal of localization?

Answer 1

assign the findings of the neurological examination to an area of the nervous system

Question 2

what are some syndromes of the lower motor neuron system?

Answer 2

myopathic syndrome
neuropathic syndrome

Question 3

what are the clinical signs associated with myopathic syndrome?

Answer 3

generalized weakness
reduced muscle tone
reduced spinal reflexes
exercise intolerance

Question 4

what are some syndromes of the brain?

Answer 4

pontomedullary syndrome
midbrain syndrome
cerebellar syndrome
diencephalic syndrome
cerebral syndrome

Question 5

what are the important structures in the brain?

Answer 5

brainstem
cerebellum
forebrain
central vestibular system

Question 6

is gait normal or abnormal with a forebrain lesion?

Answer 6

normal

Question 7

what makes up the peripheral vestibular system?

Answer 7

semicircular ducts
sacculus, utriculus
vestibulocochlear nerve

Question 8

out of the menace response, cranial nerves, gait, and proprioception, what is abnormal in a forebrain lesion?

Answer 8

menace response
proprioception

Question 9

is proprioception abnormal with central vestibular disease or peripheral?

Answer 9

central

Question 10

are acute or chronic lesions easier to localize?

Answer 10

acute lesions

Question 11

why are chronic lesions more difficult to localize?

Answer 11

compensation or plasticity

Question 12

what are the clinical signs associated with neuropathic syndrome?

Answer 12

generalized weakness
abnormal postural reactions
reduced reflexes and muscle tone
fast progressing muscle atrophy

Question 13

what signs are associated with a cauda equina lesion?

Answer 13

open anus
flaccid tail

Question 14

what are the signs with pontomedullary syndrome?

Answer 14

dullness, stupor, coma
ataxia
cranial nerve deficits

Question 15

out of lesions in the forebrain, brain stem, and cerebellum, when is gait normal?

Answer 15

forebrain

Question 16

what characterizes a cerebellar syndrome?

Answer 16

hypermetria
intention tremor

Question 17

what characterizes a pontomedullary syndrome?

Answer 17

dullness, stupor, coma
ataxia
cranial nerve deficits

Question 18

what is a brainstem lesion like?

Answer 18

menace abnormal
multiple cranial nerve deficits
ataxia
abnormal proprioception

Question 19

when might you see an intention tremor and opisthotonos?

Answer 19

cerebellum lesion

Question 20

is horner’s syndrome more common with peripheral or central vestibular disease?

Answer 20

peripheral
rare with central