Neurological Exam in Dogs and Cats Flashcards

1
Q

what do you do first and last in a neurological exam?

A

observation first
potential painful manipulation last

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2
Q

what are some important structures for mental status?

A

reticular activating system (RAS)
somatosensory pathways
cranial nerves: I, II, V, VIII

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3
Q

what does it mean for a patient to be in stupor?

A

sleep-like, but can be woken up with external stimuli

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4
Q

what are some brain structures involved in the complex interactions that make up behavior?

A

rhinencephalon
thalamus
hypothalamus
hippocampus
prefrontal and frontal cortex

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5
Q

what sensory structures are important for posture?

A

vestibular system
vision
proprioceptive system

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6
Q

what are some afferent structures important for posture?

A

subthalamic nuclei
brainstem
cerebellar vermis
vestibulospinal tracts
tectospinal tracts

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7
Q

what are the abnormal back orientations?

A

kyphosis
lordosis
skoliosis

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8
Q

what are the abnormal head orientations?

A

head tilt
head down
opisthotonos
head turn: pleurosthotonus

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9
Q

what sensory information goes into gait?

A

vision
vestibular system
cerebellar system
proprioception

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10
Q

what are the neurological scores for ambulatory function with front and hind legs affected?

A

neck pain only
front leg lameness
ambulatory tetraparesis and ataxia
non-ambulatory tetraparesis
tetraplegia
tetraplegia with respiratory compromise

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11
Q

what are the neurological scores for ambulatory function with hind legs affected?

A

back pain only
ambulatory paraparesis and ataxia
non-ambulatory paraparesis
paraplegia
paraplegia with loss of pain perception

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12
Q

what things are part of peripheral vision?

A

retina
optic nerve
chiasma

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13
Q

what is part of central vision?

A

optic tract
corpus geniculatum
optic radiation
occipital cortex

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14
Q

how can we assess vision?

A

cotton ball test
menace reflex
obstacle course
visual placing

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15
Q

what structures are part of the pupillary light reflex?

A

peripheral visual pathway
brain stem nuclei
cranial nerve III

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16
Q

what cranial nerves play parts in eye movement?

A

III
IV
VI

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17
Q

how can you assess eye movement?

A

strabismus
oculocephalic reflex

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18
Q

how can you assess cranial nerve VII?

A

palpebral reflex
shimer’s tear test

19
Q

what are the functions of cranial nerve VIII?

A

hearing
posture
extensor tone, gait
eye movement
oculocephalic reflex

20
Q

how can you assess cranial nerves IX and X?

A

gag reflex
voice change
larynx paralysis

21
Q

how can you test postural responses with the front legs?

A

wheel barrowing
hopping
hemi walking
righting reaction
placing reactions

22
Q

how can you test postural responses with the back legs?

A

dorsal knuckling
extensor postural trust reaction
hemi walking
paper slide test

23
Q

what are some monosynaptic reflexes in the hind legs?

A

patellar reflex
tibialis cranialis

24
Q

what are some polysynaptic reflexes in the hind legs?

A

patellar reflex
tibialis cranialis reflex
withdrawal reflex
perianal reflex

25
Q

what might cause increased reflexes?

A

chronic upper motor neuron lesions
pain, stress
loss of antagonism: sciatic release

26
Q

what are autonomous zones for conscious perception of pain?

A

skin area which is innervated by one single nerve

27
Q

what are some abnormal leg positions?

A

supination-pronation
varus-valgus

28
Q

what structures go into motor function of gait?

A

cortex
basal ganglia
red nucleus
motor tracts in spinal cord
gait centers in cervical and lumbosacral spinal cord
lower motor neurons

29
Q

when analyzing gait, what should you pay special attention to?

A

coordination
motor strength
how far patient is able to walk
if it is able to walk in a straight line

30
Q

how can you test cranial nerve XI?

A

neck movement

31
Q

how can you test cranial nerves III, IV, and VI?

A

eye movement
pupillary light reflex
physiological nystagmus

32
Q

what brain stem nuclei are involved in the pupillary light reflex?

A

pretectal nucleus
cranial nerve III parasympathetic

33
Q

which muscle of eye movement does cranial nerve IV control?

A

dorsal oblique

34
Q

how can you assess cranial nerve V?

A

facial skin sensation
jaw tone
muscular atrophy or symmetry

35
Q

when might diminished reflexes be seen?

A

lower motor neuron lesions
old animal
puppies
generalized non neurological disease
peracute upper motor neuron lesions

36
Q

which motor tracts in the spinal cord are important for gait?

A

corticospinal
rubrospinal
vestibulospinal
tectospinal

37
Q

how can you assess cranial nerve VII function?

A

palpebral reflex
tear production
position of lips
facial symmetry
motor function of ears

38
Q

how can you assess cranial nerve XI function?

A

neck movement

39
Q

what does cranial nerve III control?

A

dorsal, ventral, medial rectus muscle of eye
pupillary light reflex

40
Q

what does cranial nerve IV control?

A

dorsal oblique muscle

41
Q

what does cranial nerve VI control?

A

lateral rectus
retractor bulbi muscles

42
Q

what are the functions of cranial nerve VII?

A

orbicularis oculi
facial expression
sensory inner ear
glands of lacrimation
glands of salivation
taste

43
Q

how can you assess cranial nerve VIII?

A

posture of head
physiological nystagmus
pathological nystagmus
positional vestibular strabismus