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Neurobiology > Large Animal Multifocal Spinal Cord Disease > Flashcards

Large Animal Multifocal Spinal Cord Disease Flashcards

1
Q

what is a differential diagnosis for any manifestation of neurological disease in the horse?

A

equine protozoal myeloencephalitis

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2
Q

what is a classic equine protozoal myeloencephalitis case?

A

asymmetric spinal cord disease
individual cranial nerves may be affected

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3
Q

what are the etiologic agents of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis?

A

Sarcocystis neurona
Neospora hughesi

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4
Q

what stages of the agents of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis have been identified in the horse?

A

asexual stages
aberrant intermediate host

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5
Q

what is the gross pathology of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis?

A

focal discoloration
hemorrhage
+/- malacia of CNS
often unilateral lesions

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6
Q

what is the best test for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis?

A

CSF titer ratio

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7
Q

what commercial testing is available for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis?

A

indirect fluorescent antibody test
ELISAs

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8
Q

how do horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis usually respond to treatment?

A

often improve by only 1-2 grades

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9
Q

who does Parelaphostrongylus tenuis impact?

A

US camelids most commonly
also goats and sheep

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10
Q

what neurological signs are associated with Parelaphostrongylus tenuis?

A

general proprioceptive
upper motor neuron
lower motor neuron
may involve brain (less common)

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11
Q

what is the definitive host of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis?

A

white-tailed deer

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12
Q

how long does it take Parelaphostrongylus tenuis L3 to reach meninges of aberrant hosts after being ingested?

A

1 month

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13
Q

how can you diagnose Parelaphostrongylus tenuis?

A

lumbosacral CSF tap
eosinophilic pleocytosis of CSG

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14
Q

what are the aberrant hosts of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis?

A

camelids
sheep
goats
moose

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15
Q

what is seen with the vascular endothelium with equine herpes virus-1 myeloencephalopathy?

A

vasculitis
thrombo-ischemia

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16
Q

what can distinguish equine herpes virus-1 myeloencephalopathy from other neural diseases?

A

bladder dysfunction

17
Q

what does it mean that equine herpes virus-1 myeloencephalopathy is endotheliotropic?

A

localizes in small vessels of CNS

18
Q

how does equine herpes virus-1 myeloencephalopathy spread?

A

aerosolization of respiratory secretions

19
Q

what is equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy?

A

diffuse non-compressive spinal cord disease
degeneration of neurons in white matter of spinal cord

20
Q

what is the main clinical sign of equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy?

A

acute or slowly progressive symmetric proprioceptive ataxia

21
Q

what can cause diffuse corticospinal disease?

A

equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy

22
Q

what viruses can cause multifocal spinal disease?

A

equine herpes virus I
west nile virus
eastern equine encephalitis

23
Q

what does a classic equine protozoal myeloencephalitis look like?

A

asymmetric:
general proprioceptive, upper motor neuron, and lower motor neuron
caudal to L2
often ventral horn
no fever
individual cranial nerves may be affected

24
Q

what is the definitive host of Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi?

A

opossum

25
Q

how often are protozoa seen with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis?

A

rarely: 25%

26
Q

what is the cycle of Paralaphostrongylus tenuis infecting an aberrant host?

A

L3 ingested to abomasum
go to spinal cord
subdural space of cranium
alveoli of lungs: eggs laid

27
Q

when do neurologic signs develop with equine herpes virus I myeloencephalopathy?

A

6-10 days after infection

28
Q

what path does equine herpes virus I take in infection?

A

respiratory epithelial cells
regional lymph nodes to peripheral blood leukocytes

29
Q

what is the pathophysiological mechanism of equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy?

A

neurodegenerative
nutritional
hereditary

30
Q

what do elisas for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis test?

A

IgG response to unique surface antigens

Neurobiology (28 decks)

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